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Psych 282 > Topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

respondent behaviors are _____

A

elicited
- controlled by stimuli

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2
Q

example of reflexive response

A

nasal irritation = sneeze

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3
Q

biologically significant stimuli elicit reflexive responses that have what kind of value?

A

survival

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4
Q

what kind of research did Pavlov do?

A

physiology of digestion
- measured dog salivation to meat powder

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5
Q

what happened to the dogs in Pavlov’s research?

A

became psychic
- salivated when entering room or heard footsteps

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6
Q

how did Pavlov create more consistent stimulus?

A

metronome

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7
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

antecedent stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, without any learning or conditioning
- meat

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8
Q

unconditioned response

A

reflexive response naturally elicited by US
- salivation
- respondent behavior

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9
Q

habituation

A

UR magnitude diminishes if US is presented repeatedly in brief period of time

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10
Q

neutral stimulus

A

stimulus with no effect on reflexive response
- sound of metronome

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11
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

initially neutral stimulus (NS) that is paired with US

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12
Q

conditioned response

A

response elicited by conditional stimulus
- salivation with sound of metronome
- respondent behavior

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13
Q

respondent conditioning

A

Pavlovian or classical
- manipulating stimuli that elicit reflexive responses

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14
Q

what is conditioning??

A

process of associating NS with US to form CS

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15
Q

what is “conditional” dependent on?

A

learning

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16
Q

what is “unconditional”?

A

reflexive
- not dependent on learning

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17
Q

trace conditioning

A

NS presented before US
- no overlap
- clicking sound then puff of air

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18
Q

delay conditioning

A

onset of NS occurs before onset of US
- both overlap
- clicking sound presented and puff of air is presented before clicking sound has terminated

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19
Q

simultaneous conditioning

A

NS and US presented at same time
- air and sound together

20
Q

backward conditioning

A

US presented before NS
- eat then sound of metronome starts
- ineffective
- air and then clicking

21
Q

which temporal relationships between NS and US is the most effective?

A

trace and delay conditioning

22
Q

which temporal relationship between NS and US is the least effective?

A

backward

23
Q

which respondent conditioning can occur without close temporal proximity of NS and US?

A

taste aversion

24
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

NS paired with established CS then NS becomes CS and will elicit same CR

25
Q

first-order conditioning

A

flashing light + shock = fear
flashing light = fear

26
Q

second-order conditioning

A

1800 Hz tone + flashing lights
1800 Hz tone = fear response

27
Q

who disagreed with Freud and what did he propose?

A

Watson
- conditioned emotional responses were result of conditioning not phobias
- involves operant conditioning

28
Q

what experiment did Watson and Rayner do?

A

Little Albert and fear
- not ethical
- negative CER elicited by CS

29
Q

process of Little Albert experiment

A

no fear to anything
reached for rat and bell struck
startled
touched again with the bell and cried
repetition
rat alone and cried (operant escape response)

30
Q

generalization

A

operant stimulus
avoidance response evoked by furry
- number of similar CS or broader range of CS elicit same CR
- enhanced if stimuli paired initially with US during respondent conditioning

31
Q

discrimination

A

respondent stimulus
played with blocks normally
- CR is elicited by single CS

32
Q

respondent extinction

A

repeated CS without US = weakening of CR
- sound of metronome but never paired with meat powder then dog would salivate less and less to the sound of the metronomes and eventually stop

33
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

CS after extinction elicits CR
- magnitude of CR is smaller and CR will disappear if US is not presented with CS

34
Q

outcomes after Albert

A
  • he had deficits
  • alarmingly unresponsive - no gaze monitoring
  • hand scooping instead of pincer grasp
35
Q

MacEwan research on Albert

A
  • did do gaze monitoring and used pincer grasp
  • didnt like dogs
36
Q

what nature of US and CS is the most effective?

A

high intensity US and high salience of CS

37
Q

salient

A

more intense neutral stimulus functions more effectively as a CS after conditioning

38
Q

what kind of relationship is there between NS and US?

A

temporal

39
Q

should NS precede US?

A

yes
- shorter interval is better except taste aversion

40
Q

____ pairing create _____ conditioning

A

more
stronger

41
Q

result of Rescorla and Wagner study

A

first pairing produces strongest conditioning
- additional caused by subsequent pairing steadily decrease

42
Q

neutral stimulus is _____ likely to be CS when paired with US already exposed to

A

less

43
Q

which NS produces the strongest association?

A

the one most consistently associated

44
Q

respondent vs operant conditiong

A
  • R = elicited by CS or US, O = evoked/emitted by S^D
  • R = pairing NS with US before response, O = consequences after response
  • R extinction = CS presented without US, O = reinforcement no longer after behavior
45
Q

cooperation of respondent and operant conditioning

A
  • R: white rat paired with US elicited CER to white rat
  • O: white rat is antecedent stimulus S^D that evoked avoidance behavior (R) which produced feeling of relief as a consequence (S^R-) or neg reinforcement
46
Q

which type of respondent do ppl often want to change?

A

CERs that interfere with normal functioning

Psych 282 (16 decks)

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