Topic 8 Flashcards
respondent behaviors are _____
elicited
- controlled by stimuli
example of reflexive response
nasal irritation = sneeze
biologically significant stimuli elicit reflexive responses that have what kind of value?
survival
what kind of research did Pavlov do?
physiology of digestion
- measured dog salivation to meat powder
what happened to the dogs in Pavlov’s research?
became psychic
- salivated when entering room or heard footsteps
how did Pavlov create more consistent stimulus?
metronome
unconditioned stimulus
antecedent stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, without any learning or conditioning
- meat
unconditioned response
reflexive response naturally elicited by US
- salivation
- respondent behavior
habituation
UR magnitude diminishes if US is presented repeatedly in brief period of time
neutral stimulus
stimulus with no effect on reflexive response
- sound of metronome
conditioned stimulus
initially neutral stimulus (NS) that is paired with US
conditioned response
response elicited by conditional stimulus
- salivation with sound of metronome
- respondent behavior
respondent conditioning
Pavlovian or classical
- manipulating stimuli that elicit reflexive responses
what is conditioning??
process of associating NS with US to form CS
what is “conditional” dependent on?
learning
what is “unconditional”?
reflexive
- not dependent on learning
trace conditioning
NS presented before US
- no overlap
- clicking sound then puff of air
delay conditioning
onset of NS occurs before onset of US
- both overlap
- clicking sound presented and puff of air is presented before clicking sound has terminated
simultaneous conditioning
NS and US presented at same time
- air and sound together
backward conditioning
US presented before NS
- eat then sound of metronome starts
- ineffective
- air and then clicking
which temporal relationships between NS and US is the most effective?
trace and delay conditioning
which temporal relationship between NS and US is the least effective?
backward
which respondent conditioning can occur without close temporal proximity of NS and US?
taste aversion
higher-order conditioning
NS paired with established CS then NS becomes CS and will elicit same CR
first-order conditioning
flashing light + shock = fear
flashing light = fear
second-order conditioning
1800 Hz tone + flashing lights
1800 Hz tone = fear response
who disagreed with Freud and what did he propose?
Watson
- conditioned emotional responses were result of conditioning not phobias
- involves operant conditioning
what experiment did Watson and Rayner do?
Little Albert and fear
- not ethical
- negative CER elicited by CS
process of Little Albert experiment
no fear to anything
reached for rat and bell struck
startled
touched again with the bell and cried
repetition
rat alone and cried (operant escape response)
generalization
operant stimulus
avoidance response evoked by furry
- number of similar CS or broader range of CS elicit same CR
- enhanced if stimuli paired initially with US during respondent conditioning
discrimination
respondent stimulus
played with blocks normally
- CR is elicited by single CS
respondent extinction
repeated CS without US = weakening of CR
- sound of metronome but never paired with meat powder then dog would salivate less and less to the sound of the metronomes and eventually stop
spontaneous recovery
CS after extinction elicits CR
- magnitude of CR is smaller and CR will disappear if US is not presented with CS
outcomes after Albert
- he had deficits
- alarmingly unresponsive - no gaze monitoring
- hand scooping instead of pincer grasp
MacEwan research on Albert
- did do gaze monitoring and used pincer grasp
- didnt like dogs
what nature of US and CS is the most effective?
high intensity US and high salience of CS
salient
more intense neutral stimulus functions more effectively as a CS after conditioning
what kind of relationship is there between NS and US?
temporal
should NS precede US?
yes
- shorter interval is better except taste aversion
____ pairing create _____ conditioning
more
stronger
result of Rescorla and Wagner study
first pairing produces strongest conditioning
- additional caused by subsequent pairing steadily decrease
neutral stimulus is _____ likely to be CS when paired with US already exposed to
less
which NS produces the strongest association?
the one most consistently associated
respondent vs operant conditiong
- R = elicited by CS or US, O = evoked/emitted by S^D
- R = pairing NS with US before response, O = consequences after response
- R extinction = CS presented without US, O = reinforcement no longer after behavior
cooperation of respondent and operant conditioning
- R: white rat paired with US elicited CER to white rat
- O: white rat is antecedent stimulus S^D that evoked avoidance behavior (R) which produced feeling of relief as a consequence (S^R-) or neg reinforcement
which type of respondent do ppl often want to change?
CERs that interfere with normal functioning
