Topic 8 Flashcards by Nurin Amlani

respondent behaviors are _____

elicited
- controlled by stimuli

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example of reflexive response

nasal irritation = sneeze

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biologically significant stimuli elicit reflexive responses that have what kind of value?

survival

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what kind of research did Pavlov do?

physiology of digestion
- measured dog salivation to meat powder

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what happened to the dogs in Pavlov’s research?

became psychic
- salivated when entering room or heard footsteps

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how did Pavlov create more consistent stimulus?

metronome

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unconditioned stimulus

antecedent stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, without any learning or conditioning
- meat

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unconditioned response

reflexive response naturally elicited by US
- salivation
- respondent behavior

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habituation

UR magnitude diminishes if US is presented repeatedly in brief period of time

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neutral stimulus

stimulus with no effect on reflexive response
- sound of metronome

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conditioned stimulus

initially neutral stimulus (NS) that is paired with US

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conditioned response

response elicited by conditional stimulus
- salivation with sound of metronome
- respondent behavior

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respondent conditioning

Pavlovian or classical
- manipulating stimuli that elicit reflexive responses

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what is conditioning??

process of associating NS with US to form CS

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what is “conditional” dependent on?

learning

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what is “unconditional”?

reflexive
- not dependent on learning

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trace conditioning

NS presented before US
- no overlap
- clicking sound then puff of air

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delay conditioning

onset of NS occurs before onset of US
- both overlap
- clicking sound presented and puff of air is presented before clicking sound has terminated

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simultaneous conditioning

NS and US presented at same time
- air and sound together

backward conditioning

US presented before NS
- eat then sound of metronome starts
- ineffective
- air and then clicking

which temporal relationships between NS and US is the most effective?

trace and delay conditioning

which temporal relationship between NS and US is the least effective?

backward

which respondent conditioning can occur without close temporal proximity of NS and US?

taste aversion

higher-order conditioning

NS paired with established CS then NS becomes CS and will elicit same CR

first-order conditioning

flashing light + shock = fear flashing light = fear

second-order conditioning

1800 Hz tone + flashing lights 1800 Hz tone = fear response

who disagreed with Freud and what did he propose?

Watson - conditioned emotional responses were result of conditioning not phobias - involves operant conditioning

what experiment did Watson and Rayner do?

Little Albert and fear - not ethical - negative CER elicited by CS

process of Little Albert experiment

no fear to anything reached for rat and bell struck startled touched again with the bell and cried repetition rat alone and cried (operant escape response)

generalization

operant stimulus avoidance response evoked by furry - number of similar CS or broader range of CS elicit same CR - enhanced if stimuli paired initially with US during respondent conditioning

discrimination

respondent stimulus played with blocks normally - CR is elicited by single CS

respondent extinction

repeated CS without US = weakening of CR - sound of metronome but never paired with meat powder then dog would salivate less and less to the sound of the metronomes and eventually stop

spontaneous recovery

CS after extinction elicits CR - magnitude of CR is smaller and CR will disappear if US is not presented with CS

outcomes after Albert

- he had deficits - alarmingly unresponsive - no gaze monitoring - hand scooping instead of pincer grasp

MacEwan research on Albert

- did do gaze monitoring and used pincer grasp - didnt like dogs

what nature of US and CS is the most effective?

high intensity US and high salience of CS

salient

more intense neutral stimulus functions more effectively as a CS after conditioning

what kind of relationship is there between NS and US?

temporal

should NS precede US?

yes - shorter interval is better except taste aversion

____ pairing create _____ conditioning

more stronger

result of Rescorla and Wagner study

first pairing produces strongest conditioning - additional caused by subsequent pairing steadily decrease

neutral stimulus is _____ likely to be CS when paired with US already exposed to

less

which NS produces the strongest association?

the one most consistently associated

respondent vs operant conditiong

- R = elicited by CS or US, O = evoked/emitted by S^D - R = pairing NS with US before response, O = consequences after response - R extinction = CS presented without US, O = reinforcement no longer after behavior

cooperation of respondent and operant conditioning

- R: white rat paired with US elicited CER to white rat - O: white rat is antecedent stimulus S^D that evoked avoidance behavior (R) which produced feeling of relief as a consequence (S^R-) or neg reinforcement

which type of respondent do ppl often want to change?

CERs that interfere with normal functioning