Topic 4 Flashcards
who created law of effect?
Thorndike
what is the law of effect?
behavior followed by positive consequences are more likely to occur in that situation
operant
functioning or tending to produce effects of or related to observable or measurable
- behavior operates on enviro
- emitted or evoked
operant conditioning
- instrumental conditioning
- manipulating consequences of behavior
- increases or decreases behavior
- consequence can be stimulus or event that occurs immediately after behavior
reinforcement
consequences of behavior strengthens behavior
immediate consequences
- behavior more likely to occur in future or more quickly
reinforcer
stimulus, object or event that strengthens behavior, appetitive stimulus
- natural desire to satisfy bodily needs
positive reinforcement
behavior followed by presentation of appetitive stimulus that increases behavior
negative reinforcement
behavior followed by removal of aversive stimulus or decrease in intensity of stimulus that increases behavior
is negative always bad?
no
- refers to removal of aversive stimulus
what is the commonality between + and - reinforcement?
same impact on behavior
- reinforcement is defined by effect it has on behavior
escape behavior
removal of existing aversive stimulus that is present when behavior is occurred
avoidance behavior
prevents presentation of aversive stimulus from occurring
- warning stimulus signals occurrence of aversive stimulus
natural reinforcement
occurs spontaneously as part of everyday life
programmed reinforcement
planned and systematic, part of b-mod treatment
social reinforcement
involves another person to deliver reinforcing consequences
- (+) asking roommate to bring chips then more likely to ask her again
- (-) asking them to turn down the TV bc too loud then more likely to ask again
automatic reinforcement
individuals gets reinforcing consequences directly from enviro, independent of actions of others
- (+) went to kitchen and got chips yourself
- (-) i got the remote and turned down the tv by ourself
tangible (material) reinforcement
access to preferred object
- consumable reinforcement
activity reinforcement
engaging in preferred behavior after doing non-preferred behavior
Premack principle
high-probability behavior can serve as positive reinforcement for performing low-probability behavior, increasing it
- high probability behavior occurs often or is preferred
- low probability is less preferred or less frequent
temptation bundling
make more desirable behavior contingent on performing a less desirable behavior
unconditioned (primary reinforcer)
stimulus or event that has natural reinforcing effects, may enhance survival
conditioned (secondary reinforcer)
previously neutral stimulus has become associated with an unconditioned reinforcer
- money
token reinforcer
tokens exchanged for backup reinforcers
- tokens paired with or exchanged for backup reinforcers then token become reinforcers for desirable behavior
generalized conditioned reinforcer
- conditioned reinforcer paired with variety of other reinforcers
- money
- token in token economy
- praise
rule-governed behavior
behavior that is controlled by verbal statement about contingency between behavior and consequence
reward value
quantity and quality of reinforcer and its value to individual
motivating operations
antecedent event that can temporarily alter effectiveness of reinforcement and affect behavior (setting events)
types of setting events
social
physiological
environmental
establishing operation
establishes/increases the effectiveness of reinforcement
- makes reinforcer more potent
- makes behavior that produces reinforcer more likely
deprivation
type of EO
- increases effectiveness of most conditioned reinforcers
abolishing operation
decreases the effectiveness of reinforcement
- abolishes or makes reinforcer less potent
- makes behavior that produces reinforcer less likely
satiation
occurs when person recently consumed large amount of reinforcer or substantial exposure to reinforcing stimulus and therefore reinforcers are less potent
timing
reinforcement should be soon after behavior
magnitude
effectiveness of stimulus as reinforcer is greater if the amount or magnitude of stimulus is greater
contingency
consequences consistently follow behavior
- consequence more likely to reinforce response
- behavior is strengthened when reinforcer is contingent on behavior
continuous
reinforcement given for each response
- leads to rapid acquisition (performing a new behavior)
intermittent (partial)
only some responses are reinforced
- acquisition phase is longer
fixed ratio
reinforcer given after set number of responses
- high response rate, brief post-reinforcement pause
variable ratio
reinforcer given after random number of response
- number deviates around mean
- high response rate
fixed interval
reinforcer given when response occurs after certain length of time
- responses increase as reinforcement time nears
- deliver the reinforcer
variable interval
reinforcer given when response occurs after variable length of time (length deviates around mean)
- slow and steady responding
- interval varies and unpredictable
do you reinforce people?
no
- reinforce a behavior or response
concurrent schedules of reinforcement
all schedules of reinforcement that in effect for person’s behavior at one time
- number of different behaviors or response options that are concurrently available
- influence the probability that behavior will occur
concurrent operants
response options
matching law
mathematical model of choice in concurrent operants that predicts that response that produces a greater rate of reinforcement will occur more often than response that produces lower rate of reinforcement
combined schedule of reinforcement
2+ basic schedule reinforcements
multiple schedule reinforcment
combined schedule of reinforcement
behavioral contrast
multiple schedule of reinforcement exists
- describes situation in which a change in reinforcement schedule in one components of multiple schedule changes not only the rate of responding in component but also changes in rate of responding in opposite direction in other component of multiple schedule
