Topic 4

Question 1

who created law of effect?

Answer 1

Thorndike

Question 2

what is the law of effect?

Answer 2

behavior followed by positive consequences are more likely to occur in that situation

Question 3

operant

Answer 3

functioning or tending to produce effects of or related to observable or measurable
- behavior operates on enviro
- emitted or evoked

Question 4

operant conditioning

Answer 4

• instrumental conditioning
• manipulating consequences of behavior
• increases or decreases behavior
• consequence can be stimulus or event that occurs immediately after behavior

Question 5

reinforcement

Answer 5

consequences of behavior strengthens behavior
immediate consequences
- behavior more likely to occur in future or more quickly

Question 6

reinforcer

Answer 6

stimulus, object or event that strengthens behavior, appetitive stimulus
- natural desire to satisfy bodily needs

Question 7

positive reinforcement

Answer 7

behavior followed by presentation of appetitive stimulus that increases behavior

Question 8

negative reinforcement

Answer 8

behavior followed by removal of aversive stimulus or decrease in intensity of stimulus that increases behavior

Question 9

is negative always bad?

Answer 9

no
- refers to removal of aversive stimulus

Question 10

what is the commonality between + and - reinforcement?

Answer 10

same impact on behavior
- reinforcement is defined by effect it has on behavior

Question 11

escape behavior

Answer 11

removal of existing aversive stimulus that is present when behavior is occurred

Question 12

avoidance behavior

Answer 12

prevents presentation of aversive stimulus from occurring
- warning stimulus signals occurrence of aversive stimulus

Question 13

natural reinforcement

Answer 13

occurs spontaneously as part of everyday life

Question 14

programmed reinforcement

Answer 14

planned and systematic, part of b-mod treatment

Question 15

social reinforcement

Answer 15

involves another person to deliver reinforcing consequences
- (+) asking roommate to bring chips then more likely to ask her again
- (-) asking them to turn down the TV bc too loud then more likely to ask again

Question 16

automatic reinforcement

Answer 16

individuals gets reinforcing consequences directly from enviro, independent of actions of others
- (+) went to kitchen and got chips yourself
- (-) i got the remote and turned down the tv by ourself

Question 17

tangible (material) reinforcement

Answer 17

access to preferred object
- consumable reinforcement

Question 18

activity reinforcement

Answer 18

engaging in preferred behavior after doing non-preferred behavior

Question 19

Premack principle

Answer 19

high-probability behavior can serve as positive reinforcement for performing low-probability behavior, increasing it
- high probability behavior occurs often or is preferred
- low probability is less preferred or less frequent

Question 20

temptation bundling

Answer 20

make more desirable behavior contingent on performing a less desirable behavior

Question 21

unconditioned (primary reinforcer)

Answer 21

stimulus or event that has natural reinforcing effects, may enhance survival

Question 22

conditioned (secondary reinforcer)

Answer 22

previously neutral stimulus has become associated with an unconditioned reinforcer
- money

Question 23

token reinforcer

Answer 23

tokens exchanged for backup reinforcers
- tokens paired with or exchanged for backup reinforcers then token become reinforcers for desirable behavior

Question 24

generalized conditioned reinforcer

Answer 24

• conditioned reinforcer paired with variety of other reinforcers
• money
• token in token economy
• praise

Question 25

rule-governed behavior

Answer 25

behavior that is controlled by verbal statement about contingency between behavior and consequence

Question 26

reward value

Answer 26

quantity and quality of reinforcer and its value to individual

Question 27

motivating operations

Answer 27

antecedent event that can temporarily alter effectiveness of reinforcement and affect behavior (setting events)

Question 28

types of setting events

Answer 28

social physiological environmental

Question 29

establishing operation

Answer 29

establishes/increases the effectiveness of reinforcement - makes reinforcer more potent - makes behavior that produces reinforcer more likely

Question 30

deprivation

Answer 30

type of EO - increases effectiveness of most conditioned reinforcers

Question 31

abolishing operation

Answer 31

decreases the effectiveness of reinforcement - abolishes or makes reinforcer less potent - makes behavior that produces reinforcer less likely

Question 32

satiation

Answer 32

occurs when person recently consumed large amount of reinforcer or substantial exposure to reinforcing stimulus and therefore reinforcers are less potent

Question 33

timing

Answer 33

reinforcement should be soon after behavior

Question 34

magnitude

Answer 34

effectiveness of stimulus as reinforcer is greater if the amount or magnitude of stimulus is greater

Question 35

contingency

Answer 35

consequences consistently follow behavior - consequence more likely to reinforce response - behavior is strengthened when reinforcer is contingent on behavior

Question 36

continuous

Answer 36

reinforcement given for each response - leads to rapid acquisition (performing a new behavior)

Question 37

intermittent (partial)

Answer 37

only some responses are reinforced - acquisition phase is longer

Question 38

fixed ratio

Answer 38

reinforcer given after set number of responses - high response rate, brief post-reinforcement pause

Question 39

variable ratio

Answer 39

reinforcer given after random number of response - number deviates around mean - high response rate

Question 40

fixed interval

Answer 40

reinforcer given when response occurs after certain length of time - responses increase as reinforcement time nears - deliver the reinforcer

Question 41

variable interval

Answer 41

reinforcer given when response occurs after variable length of time (length deviates around mean) - slow and steady responding - interval varies and unpredictable

Question 42

do you reinforce people?

Answer 42

no - reinforce a behavior or response

Question 43

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

Answer 43

all schedules of reinforcement that in effect for person's behavior at one time - number of different behaviors or response options that are concurrently available - influence the probability that behavior will occur

Question 44

concurrent operants

Answer 44

response options

Question 45

matching law

Answer 45

mathematical model of choice in concurrent operants that predicts that response that produces a greater rate of reinforcement will occur more often than response that produces lower rate of reinforcement

Question 46

combined schedule of reinforcement

Answer 46

2+ basic schedule reinforcements

Question 47

multiple schedule reinforcment

Answer 47

combined schedule of reinforcement

Question 48

behavioral contrast

Answer 48

multiple schedule of reinforcement exists - describes situation in which a change in reinforcement schedule in one components of multiple schedule changes not only the rate of responding in component but also changes in rate of responding in opposite direction in other component of multiple schedule