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Psych 282 > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

who created law of effect?

A

Thorndike

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2
Q

what is the law of effect?

A

behavior followed by positive consequences are more likely to occur in that situation

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3
Q

operant

A

functioning or tending to produce effects of or related to observable or measurable
- behavior operates on enviro
- emitted or evoked

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4
Q

operant conditioning

A
  • instrumental conditioning
  • manipulating consequences of behavior
  • increases or decreases behavior
  • consequence can be stimulus or event that occurs immediately after behavior
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5
Q

reinforcement

A

consequences of behavior strengthens behavior
immediate consequences
- behavior more likely to occur in future or more quickly

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6
Q

reinforcer

A

stimulus, object or event that strengthens behavior, appetitive stimulus
- natural desire to satisfy bodily needs

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7
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behavior followed by presentation of appetitive stimulus that increases behavior

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8
Q

negative reinforcement

A

behavior followed by removal of aversive stimulus or decrease in intensity of stimulus that increases behavior

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9
Q

is negative always bad?

A

no
- refers to removal of aversive stimulus

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10
Q

what is the commonality between + and - reinforcement?

A

same impact on behavior
- reinforcement is defined by effect it has on behavior

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11
Q

escape behavior

A

removal of existing aversive stimulus that is present when behavior is occurred

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12
Q

avoidance behavior

A

prevents presentation of aversive stimulus from occurring
- warning stimulus signals occurrence of aversive stimulus

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13
Q

natural reinforcement

A

occurs spontaneously as part of everyday life

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14
Q

programmed reinforcement

A

planned and systematic, part of b-mod treatment

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15
Q

social reinforcement

A

involves another person to deliver reinforcing consequences
- (+) asking roommate to bring chips then more likely to ask her again
- (-) asking them to turn down the TV bc too loud then more likely to ask again

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16
Q

automatic reinforcement

A

individuals gets reinforcing consequences directly from enviro, independent of actions of others
- (+) went to kitchen and got chips yourself
- (-) i got the remote and turned down the tv by ourself

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17
Q

tangible (material) reinforcement

A

access to preferred object
- consumable reinforcement

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18
Q

activity reinforcement

A

engaging in preferred behavior after doing non-preferred behavior

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19
Q

Premack principle

A

high-probability behavior can serve as positive reinforcement for performing low-probability behavior, increasing it
- high probability behavior occurs often or is preferred
- low probability is less preferred or less frequent

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20
Q

temptation bundling

A

make more desirable behavior contingent on performing a less desirable behavior

21
Q

unconditioned (primary reinforcer)

A

stimulus or event that has natural reinforcing effects, may enhance survival

22
Q

conditioned (secondary reinforcer)

A

previously neutral stimulus has become associated with an unconditioned reinforcer
- money

23
Q

token reinforcer

A

tokens exchanged for backup reinforcers
- tokens paired with or exchanged for backup reinforcers then token become reinforcers for desirable behavior

24
Q

generalized conditioned reinforcer

A
  • conditioned reinforcer paired with variety of other reinforcers
  • money
  • token in token economy
  • praise
25
Q

rule-governed behavior

A

behavior that is controlled by verbal statement about contingency between behavior and consequence

26
Q

reward value

A

quantity and quality of reinforcer and its value to individual

27
Q

motivating operations

A

antecedent event that can temporarily alter effectiveness of reinforcement and affect behavior (setting events)

28
Q

types of setting events

A

social
physiological
environmental

29
Q

establishing operation

A

establishes/increases the effectiveness of reinforcement
- makes reinforcer more potent
- makes behavior that produces reinforcer more likely

30
Q

deprivation

A

type of EO
- increases effectiveness of most conditioned reinforcers

31
Q

abolishing operation

A

decreases the effectiveness of reinforcement
- abolishes or makes reinforcer less potent
- makes behavior that produces reinforcer less likely

32
Q

satiation

A

occurs when person recently consumed large amount of reinforcer or substantial exposure to reinforcing stimulus and therefore reinforcers are less potent

33
Q

timing

A

reinforcement should be soon after behavior

34
Q

magnitude

A

effectiveness of stimulus as reinforcer is greater if the amount or magnitude of stimulus is greater

35
Q

contingency

A

consequences consistently follow behavior
- consequence more likely to reinforce response
- behavior is strengthened when reinforcer is contingent on behavior

36
Q

continuous

A

reinforcement given for each response
- leads to rapid acquisition (performing a new behavior)

37
Q

intermittent (partial)

A

only some responses are reinforced
- acquisition phase is longer

38
Q

fixed ratio

A

reinforcer given after set number of responses
- high response rate, brief post-reinforcement pause

39
Q

variable ratio

A

reinforcer given after random number of response
- number deviates around mean
- high response rate

40
Q

fixed interval

A

reinforcer given when response occurs after certain length of time
- responses increase as reinforcement time nears
- deliver the reinforcer

41
Q

variable interval

A

reinforcer given when response occurs after variable length of time (length deviates around mean)
- slow and steady responding
- interval varies and unpredictable

42
Q

do you reinforce people?

A

no
- reinforce a behavior or response

43
Q

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

A

all schedules of reinforcement that in effect for person’s behavior at one time
- number of different behaviors or response options that are concurrently available
- influence the probability that behavior will occur

44
Q

concurrent operants

A

response options

45
Q

matching law

A

mathematical model of choice in concurrent operants that predicts that response that produces a greater rate of reinforcement will occur more often than response that produces lower rate of reinforcement

46
Q

combined schedule of reinforcement

A

2+ basic schedule reinforcements

47
Q

multiple schedule reinforcment

A

combined schedule of reinforcement

48
Q

behavioral contrast

A

multiple schedule of reinforcement exists
- describes situation in which a change in reinforcement schedule in one components of multiple schedule changes not only the rate of responding in component but also changes in rate of responding in opposite direction in other component of multiple schedule

Psych 282 (16 decks)

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