Topic 3

Question 1

what are the components of a line graph?

Answer 1

• x (abscissa) and y-axis (ordinate) lines
• labels for axis
• numbers on axis
• data points and connecting with lines
• phase lines (if there are diff phases)
• phase labels (baseline, treatment and follow up)

Question 2

what is a phase line?

Answer 2

vertical line on graph that indicates change in treatment
- data points do not connect across phase lines

Question 3

what are the typical x and y axis for b-mod?

Answer 3

time and behavior

Question 4

what are the do/don’t for graphs?

Answer 4

• client name (bottom right)
• data summary to go from raw data
• no legend
• no gridlines
• add title
• black axes and units
• no connection baseline phase curve to treatment phase curve

Question 5

what is the purpose of research design?

Answer 5

determine whether treatment is responsible for observed change in target behavior and to rule out extraneous variables causing behavior to change

Question 6

independent variable

Answer 6

treatment applied
- what researcher applied to manipulate to produce change in target behavior

Question 7

dependent variable

Answer 7

target behavior measure

Question 8

confounding variable

Answer 8

extraneous
- factor affecting behavior but not controlled

Question 9

functional relationship

Answer 9

treatment procedure (IV) regularly causes change in target behaviour while other variables held constant
- need IV-DV behavior and replication

Question 10

what is IV-DV relationship?

Answer 10

changing IV causes change in DV

Question 11

what is replication in functional relationship?

Answer 11

consistent pattern of results

Question 12

what does b-mod typically use?

Answer 12

single-subject research methods
does not employ much stats analysis

Question 13

what is A-B design?

Answer 13

one baseline (A) and one treatment (B)
- baseline collect at least 3 points that do not show a trend (which would indicate behavior change)
- used to eval the effect of treatment on target behavior
- not a research design or purposes

Question 14

what is the simplest graph used?

Answer 14

A-B design

Question 15

where is A-B graph used?

Answer 15

applied nonresearch situation in which people are interested in demonstrating behavior change occurred
- self-management project

Question 16

pros of A-B design

Answer 16

satisfactory for self-management

Question 17

cons of A-B design

Answer 17

not a true research design- lacks replication, no cause and effect, change can be due to confounding variable

Question 18

A-B-A-B design

Answer 18

• reversal design
• 1 person doing
• 2 baseline phases
• 2 treatment phases
• varied to include more than one kind of treatment

Question 19

pro of A-B-A-B

Answer 19

establish cause and effect

Question 20

cons of A-B-A-B

Answer 20

• unethical to withdraw beneficial intervention
• behavior may not revert back to second baseline

Question 21

multiple baseline design

Answer 21

• more than one A-B carried out simultaneously
• baseline vary in length before treatment begins
• intervention phase is staggered across separate designs
• evidence that treatment is effective

Question 22

multiple baseline across subjects

Answer 22

applied to diff people
- nurse wearing protective gloves with HIV-pos patients

Question 23

multiple baseline across behaviors

Answer 23

apply treatment to several diff target behaviors
- pronounciation of th, z, zh

Question 24

multiple baseline across settings

Answer 24

apply in diff settings
- stuttering at home, work, public

Question 25

pros of multiple baseline

Answer 25

no reversals
if behavior occurs only when B phase starts in each condition so can conclude result was intervention

Question 26

con of multiple baseline

Answer 26

treatment can spread across subjects, behaviors, settings during baseline

Question 27

alternating treatments design

Answer 27

• multielement design
• baseline and treatment applied in rapid succession
• extraneous factors could affect results can be counterbalanced
• treatment effects shown by fractionation
• little overlap

Question 28

what is fractionation?

Answer 28

consistent vertical separation between treatment curves
- one point connects 2 lines in treatment

Question 29

pros of alternating treatment

Answer 29

extraneous variables less of effect
evaluates effects of diff treatments

Question 30

con of alternating treatment

Answer 30

treatments can interact with each other

Question 31

changing-criterion design

Answer 31

• criterion for successful treatment progressively changes
• uses A-B design
• goal for target behavior changes in treatment
• reaches level and then changes it
• work up to where they want to be

Question 32

example of changing criterion

Answer 32

less caffeine = earn money, drank more = lost money. level below criterion because behavior changed each time performance criterion changes showing a function relationship

Question 33

which design is the most complex?

Answer 33

changing-criterion

Question 34

pros of changing-criterion

Answer 34

well-suited to behaviors that can be approximated gradually

Question 35

cons of changing-criterion

Answer 35

unsuitable for behavior that may not change gradually

Question 36

what are the features used to evaluate behavior change?

Answer 36

level
trend
variability

Question 37

level

Answer 37

how high or low data are on y-axis
- lower level in intervention shows intervention was successful

Question 38

trend

Answer 38

exists when behavior is increasing across a phase or decreasing across phase
- need data stable within phase before changing

Question 39

variability

Answer 39

how high and low data points are away from the mean level in phase

Question 40

low variability

Answer 40

data points are still close to the mean level in phase

Question 41

high variability

Answer 41

many data points are far above and far below the means

Question 42

it is easier to identify level difference between phases when there is high or low variability?

Answer 42

low