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Psych 282 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is experimental analysis of behavior methodology?

A
  • dependent variable
  • repeated or continuous measurement
  • within-subject experimental design
  • visual analysis of graphed data
  • description of functional relations driven by data
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2
Q

dependent variable in EAB

A

rate or frequency of response

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3
Q

within-subject

A

one person’s response compared to their own response in a diff situation/ at another time

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4
Q

4 phases of b-mod program

A
  1. screening or intake
  2. preprogram assessment or baseline
  3. treatment phase
  4. follow-up
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5
Q

screening or intake phase

A

obtain client info
- b-mod for them
- policies and procedures
- screen for crisis
- diagnose according to Diagnostic and Stat Manual for Mental Disorders

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6
Q

preprogram assessment or baseline phase

A

define and measure initial “baseline” level

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7
Q

treatment phase

A

apply training, intervention or treatment

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8
Q

follow-up phase

A

determine effects on behavior termination of treatment program

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9
Q

what is behavioral assessment?

A

measuring target behaviour of a client

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10
Q

who is assessed in behavioural assessment?

A

target client
- person-first language

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11
Q

who is the observer in behavioural assessment?

A

professional
layperson (coach, teacher)
observe oneself
problems: poorly trained, biased, unmotivated

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12
Q

what is the behaviour in behavioural assessment?

A

target behaviour
behavioural goal
outcome goal

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13
Q

target behaviour

A

behaviour wanting to change (what)

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14
Q

behavioural goal

A

level of behaviour program designed to achieve

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15
Q

outcome goal

A

broad, abstract result wishing to attain (why)

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16
Q

how is the behaviour measured in behavioural assessment?

A

defined and quantified
- describe objectively, avoid labels
- use active verbs
- no inference about internal states or motivation
- defined so multiple people can agree (interobserver agreement)

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17
Q

frequency

A

number of responses in a given period

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18
Q

duration

A

length of time of behaviour

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19
Q

latency

A

time between an antecedent stimulus or event and onset of behaviour

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20
Q

intensity

A

assesses strength of behaviour (rating scale)

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21
Q

product recording

A

measure tangible output of behaviour, if it cannot be observed or measured

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22
Q

quality

A

arbitrary judgement of social value; may use rating scale

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23
Q

operational definition

A

precise, objective definition of a term by specifying operation researcher or observer made to measure it (how)

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24
Q

how is behaviour recorded?

A

direct
indirect

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25
Q

direct assessment

A

antecedents, target behaviour, consequences
- observes and records target behavior as it occurs
- by oneself, self-monitoring
- in same room as client or secretly watching

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26
Q

indirect assessment

A

second-hand (third hand) remembered info
- questionnaires, rating scales
- role-playing
- info from consulting prof
- interviews w clients and significant others

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27
Q

what is the problem with indirect assessment?

A
  • less accurate
  • observes may not be trained
  • memory is distorted
  • may be biased
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28
Q

what is the problem with direct assessment?

A
  • more time consuming
  • observers need to be trained
  • cannot observe covert behaviorn
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29
Q

natural setting

A

observed in typical enviro for person
- more representative

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30
Q

analogue setting

A

simulated location
- can influence behavior making it not representative
- more controlled
- easy to manipulate variables

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31
Q

unstructured observation

A

observe without giving instructions, or altering events or activities

32
Q

structured observation

A

while instructions are given or specific events planned to occur systematically

33
Q

what do natural settings prevent?

A

accurate measurements

34
Q

reactivity

A
  • recording or measuring behaviour affects the occurrence of the behaviour
  • confounds cause and effect conclusions, may still be beneficial
  • may habituate over time
  • wait until perople being observed become accustomed to observer
  • record without people knowing they are being observed
  • record video
35
Q

can reactivity be desirable?

A

yes. change their target behavior so they reach their goal

36
Q

when are observations made?

A

continuous recording
interval recording
time sample recording

37
Q

continuous recording

A

record every instance of behaviour during entire observation period
- also called event recording
- can work if similar duration and behaviour occurs at low rates
- actual measure, good for self, impractical, impossible, labour-intensive

38
Q

sampling methods

A
  • discontinuous recording methods
39
Q

what does one occurrence of frequency consist of?

A

one onset and offset

40
Q

interval recording

A

record target behaviour within successive time intervals of equal duration
- good for variable duration or high rates
- divides observation into smaller time intervals
- observed client through in consecutive intervals

41
Q

what are the kinds of interval recording?

A

partial-interval recording
whole- interval recording

42
Q

partial-interval recording

A

record behaviour a max of once per interval, regardless of how many times it actually occurred

43
Q

whole-interval recording

A
  • only if it persists during the entire interval
  • long duration
44
Q

pros/cons of interval

A

less demanding than continuous
less sensitive to true occurrence of behaviour

45
Q

time sample recording

A

record behaviour during brief intervals separated from each other in time

46
Q

pros/cons of time sample recording

A

easiest
less demanding
more subject to sampling error

47
Q

data sheets

A

record freq, duration, latency, or occurrence in intervals
- antecedents and consequences of behaviour recorded
- ABC observation data sheets
- ABC observation checklists

48
Q

interobserver agreement

A

statistic calculated to determine consistency in recording of target behavior
- 2 people independently observe the same behavior and both record behavior that occur
- highly consistent
- IOA reveal biases
- eval definition of target behavior

49
Q

what does high IOA indicate?

A

observers that recorded the target behavior consistently

50
Q

frequency calculation

A

small count/large count x 100 = IOA %

51
Q

duration or latency calculation

A

time ratio
short time/long time x 100 = IOA %

52
Q

interval or time sample calculation

A

point-by-point
A / A+D x 100 = IOA %

53
Q

morals

A

own priciples

54
Q

ethics

A

social system

55
Q

what are the 6 client rights?

A
  • therapeutic enviro
  • services whose overriding goal is personal welfare
  • proper treatment
  • teach functional skills
  • assessment and ongoing eval
  • most effective treatment
56
Q

program eval determines what?

A

efficacy
- dimensions of eval: (generalization and maintenance)
- amount and importance of change: (clinical significance of change, social validity, social comparison, expert eval)
- cost-benefit ratio

57
Q

problems with assessments

A

side effects, trade-off, revenge effect

58
Q

side effect

A

result is secondary to active treatment

59
Q

trade-off

A

forgoing one desired aspect to gain another desired aspect

60
Q

revenge effect

A

perverse incentive
ironic, unintended consequence of treatment
- cobra effect
British gov’t concerned with venom, bounty to kill each on, bred them for bounty, reward was terminated, farmers released them into wild to increase numbers

61
Q

examples of revenge effects

A
  • activity based anorexia
    anorexia nervosa and death
  • health halo effects
    subway is healthy but actually isnt and you order more unhealthy food thinking main is healthy
  • athletic performance and injury
    tech improves so more prone to injury bc you push harder
    risk compensation
62
Q

steps needed to develop behavior recording plan

A
  1. define target behavior
  2. determine logistics of recording
  3. choosing recording method
  4. choosing recording instrument
63
Q

does a behavior need to be observed and recorded before or after?

A

before

64
Q

Iwata study

A
  • decrease self-injurious behavior in children with intellectual disabilities
  • arm-biting
  • face hitting
  • head banging
65
Q

Rogers-Warren study

A
  • increase sharing in preschool kids
  • when one subject passed or handed a material to second subject, when subjects exchange materials or when 2+ subjects simultaneously used the same material
66
Q

Allen and Stokes study

A

improve child behavior during dentist trips

67
Q

Durand and Mindell

A

decrease nighttime tantrums

68
Q

real-time recording

A

exact time of each onset and offset
- frequency and duration and exact timing of each occurrence

69
Q

how is insensity recorded?

A

measurement instrument or rating scale

70
Q

percentage of opportunities

A

way of event recording
- record occurrence of behavior in relation to some other event and reports results as percentage of opportunities in which behavior occurs

71
Q

what is product recording?

A
  • permanent product recording
  • indirect assessment used when a behavior results in a certain tangible outcome
72
Q

benefit to product recording

A

observer does not have to be present when behavior occurs

73
Q

con for product recording

A

cannot always determine who engage in the behavior that led to the product recorded

74
Q

frequency-within-interval recording

A

freq and interval combined
- record freq of target but does within consecutive intervals of time

75
Q

momentary time sample recording

A

MTS
- behavior recorded if it occurs at the exact instant the interval ends

Psych 282 (16 decks)

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