Topic 2 Flashcards
what is experimental analysis of behavior methodology?
- dependent variable
- repeated or continuous measurement
- within-subject experimental design
- visual analysis of graphed data
- description of functional relations driven by data
dependent variable in EAB
rate or frequency of response
within-subject
one person’s response compared to their own response in a diff situation/ at another time
4 phases of b-mod program
- screening or intake
- preprogram assessment or baseline
- treatment phase
- follow-up
screening or intake phase
obtain client info
- b-mod for them
- policies and procedures
- screen for crisis
- diagnose according to Diagnostic and Stat Manual for Mental Disorders
preprogram assessment or baseline phase
define and measure initial “baseline” level
treatment phase
apply training, intervention or treatment
follow-up phase
determine effects on behavior termination of treatment program
what is behavioral assessment?
measuring target behaviour of a client
who is assessed in behavioural assessment?
target client
- person-first language
who is the observer in behavioural assessment?
professional
layperson (coach, teacher)
observe oneself
problems: poorly trained, biased, unmotivated
what is the behaviour in behavioural assessment?
target behaviour
behavioural goal
outcome goal
target behaviour
behaviour wanting to change (what)
behavioural goal
level of behaviour program designed to achieve
outcome goal
broad, abstract result wishing to attain (why)
how is the behaviour measured in behavioural assessment?
defined and quantified
- describe objectively, avoid labels
- use active verbs
- no inference about internal states or motivation
- defined so multiple people can agree (interobserver agreement)
frequency
number of responses in a given period
duration
length of time of behaviour
latency
time between an antecedent stimulus or event and onset of behaviour
intensity
assesses strength of behaviour (rating scale)
product recording
measure tangible output of behaviour, if it cannot be observed or measured
quality
arbitrary judgement of social value; may use rating scale
operational definition
precise, objective definition of a term by specifying operation researcher or observer made to measure it (how)
how is behaviour recorded?
direct
indirect
direct assessment
antecedents, target behaviour, consequences
- observes and records target behavior as it occurs
- by oneself, self-monitoring
- in same room as client or secretly watching
indirect assessment
second-hand (third hand) remembered info
- questionnaires, rating scales
- role-playing
- info from consulting prof
- interviews w clients and significant others
what is the problem with indirect assessment?
- less accurate
- observes may not be trained
- memory is distorted
- may be biased
what is the problem with direct assessment?
- more time consuming
- observers need to be trained
- cannot observe covert behaviorn
natural setting
observed in typical enviro for person
- more representative
analogue setting
simulated location
- can influence behavior making it not representative
- more controlled
- easy to manipulate variables
unstructured observation
observe without giving instructions, or altering events or activities
structured observation
while instructions are given or specific events planned to occur systematically
what do natural settings prevent?
accurate measurements
reactivity
- recording or measuring behaviour affects the occurrence of the behaviour
- confounds cause and effect conclusions, may still be beneficial
- may habituate over time
- wait until perople being observed become accustomed to observer
- record without people knowing they are being observed
- record video
can reactivity be desirable?
yes. change their target behavior so they reach their goal
when are observations made?
continuous recording
interval recording
time sample recording
continuous recording
record every instance of behaviour during entire observation period
- also called event recording
- can work if similar duration and behaviour occurs at low rates
- actual measure, good for self, impractical, impossible, labour-intensive
sampling methods
- discontinuous recording methods
what does one occurrence of frequency consist of?
one onset and offset
interval recording
record target behaviour within successive time intervals of equal duration
- good for variable duration or high rates
- divides observation into smaller time intervals
- observed client through in consecutive intervals
what are the kinds of interval recording?
partial-interval recording
whole- interval recording
partial-interval recording
record behaviour a max of once per interval, regardless of how many times it actually occurred
whole-interval recording
- only if it persists during the entire interval
- long duration
pros/cons of interval
less demanding than continuous
less sensitive to true occurrence of behaviour
time sample recording
record behaviour during brief intervals separated from each other in time
pros/cons of time sample recording
easiest
less demanding
more subject to sampling error
data sheets
record freq, duration, latency, or occurrence in intervals
- antecedents and consequences of behaviour recorded
- ABC observation data sheets
- ABC observation checklists
interobserver agreement
statistic calculated to determine consistency in recording of target behavior
- 2 people independently observe the same behavior and both record behavior that occur
- highly consistent
- IOA reveal biases
- eval definition of target behavior
what does high IOA indicate?
observers that recorded the target behavior consistently
frequency calculation
small count/large count x 100 = IOA %
duration or latency calculation
time ratio
short time/long time x 100 = IOA %
interval or time sample calculation
point-by-point
A / A+D x 100 = IOA %
morals
own priciples
ethics
social system
what are the 6 client rights?
- therapeutic enviro
- services whose overriding goal is personal welfare
- proper treatment
- teach functional skills
- assessment and ongoing eval
- most effective treatment
program eval determines what?
efficacy
- dimensions of eval: (generalization and maintenance)
- amount and importance of change: (clinical significance of change, social validity, social comparison, expert eval)
- cost-benefit ratio
problems with assessments
side effects, trade-off, revenge effect
side effect
result is secondary to active treatment
trade-off
forgoing one desired aspect to gain another desired aspect
revenge effect
perverse incentive
ironic, unintended consequence of treatment
- cobra effect
British gov’t concerned with venom, bounty to kill each on, bred them for bounty, reward was terminated, farmers released them into wild to increase numbers
examples of revenge effects
- activity based anorexia
anorexia nervosa and death - health halo effects
subway is healthy but actually isnt and you order more unhealthy food thinking main is healthy - athletic performance and injury
tech improves so more prone to injury bc you push harder
risk compensation
steps needed to develop behavior recording plan
- define target behavior
- determine logistics of recording
- choosing recording method
- choosing recording instrument
does a behavior need to be observed and recorded before or after?
before
Iwata study
- decrease self-injurious behavior in children with intellectual disabilities
- arm-biting
- face hitting
- head banging
Rogers-Warren study
- increase sharing in preschool kids
- when one subject passed or handed a material to second subject, when subjects exchange materials or when 2+ subjects simultaneously used the same material
Allen and Stokes study
improve child behavior during dentist trips
Durand and Mindell
decrease nighttime tantrums
real-time recording
exact time of each onset and offset
- frequency and duration and exact timing of each occurrence
how is insensity recorded?
measurement instrument or rating scale
percentage of opportunities
way of event recording
- record occurrence of behavior in relation to some other event and reports results as percentage of opportunities in which behavior occurs
what is product recording?
- permanent product recording
- indirect assessment used when a behavior results in a certain tangible outcome
benefit to product recording
observer does not have to be present when behavior occurs
con for product recording
cannot always determine who engage in the behavior that led to the product recorded
frequency-within-interval recording
freq and interval combined
- record freq of target but does within consecutive intervals of time
momentary time sample recording
MTS
- behavior recorded if it occurs at the exact instant the interval ends
