Topic 11

Question 1

behavioral chain

Answer 1

complex behavior comprised of several component behaviors that occur together in certain order

Question 2

stimulus-response chain

Answer 2

also known as behavioral chain
- each behavior produces stimulus that acts as an S^D for next behavior

Question 3

what is the final response followed by?

Answer 3

reinforcement
- praise is often given for successful completion of link in chain

Question 4

not all sequences of behavior are ______ ______

Answer 4

behavioral chains

Question 5

task analysis

Answer 5

identifying all antecedent stimuli and responses in sequence that comprises a behavioral chain

Question 6

how can task analysis be done?

Answer 6

1. observe someone else who is competent at task, while behavior analyst records all S^Ds and responses
2. recruit an expert who describes all S^Ds and responses, recorded by behavior analyst
3. behavior analyst performs task themselves, recording all S^Ds and responses

Question 7

what happens after analysis?

Answer 7

data sheet is created
individuals progress is documented
count how many links the individual completes and blacken the number
creates a “graph” on data sheet itself

Question 8

what does chaining procedures apply?

Answer 8

specific prompting and fading strategies to each stimulus-response component in chain

Question 9

total task presentation

Answer 9

• individual attempts all links the chain from beginning to end
• prompting is provided for each link as required
• natural reinforcement is given only after last link
• task must not be too long or complex
• ability of learner and teacher must be considered

Question 10

graduated guidance

Answer 10

physical prompting and fading
- hand-over-hand guidance
- shadowing

Question 11

pros and cons of total task presentation

Answer 11

pros: suitable for tasks that are not overly long or complex
cons: not appropriate for people with developmental disabilities, often requires graduated guidance- challenging to implement

Question 12

backward chaining

Answer 12

• prompting and fading are used to teach complex behavior starting with final link
• natural reinforcer given after last link in chain is completed
• link is repeated until learner has mastered it- all prompts faded
• second link is added with prompts
• conditioned reinforcer given after second-last link is completed
• process is continued with each preceding link in chain

Question 13

pros and cons of backward chaining

Answer 13

pros: typically used with learners who have limited abilities- complete chain every time
cons: requires additional preparation by behavior analyst

Question 14

forward chaining

Answer 14

• prompting and fading used to teach complex behavior starting with first link
• natural reinforcer is delivered only when last mastered link is completed
• next mastered link in chain is added
• conditional (artificial) reinforcer is delivered between link of chain

Question 15

pros and cons of forward chaining

Answer 15

pros: retains sequential order of chain
cons: requires additional preparation by analyst

Question 16

self-prompting methods

Answer 16

• person prompts self in order to learn chain- not much supervision
• written task analysis
• self-instructions
• picture prompts
• video modelling

Question 17

written task analysis

Answer 17

• textual prompts
• uses list of instructions that comprise behavior chain
• effective if learner can read, understand and execute
• following recipe in cookbook

Question 18

Cuvo

Answer 18

written task analyses
- textual prompts
- clean household appliances
- list of steps to guide and received praise

Question 19

self-instructions

Answer 19

learner recites series of verbal prompts overtly or covertly to guide behaviors through chain

Question 20

picture prompts

Answer 20

learner uses photos or pictures of product of each behavior in chain or photos of person performing each link in chain

Question 21

video modeling

Answer 21

learner watches vid of model performing link in chain before attempting it or watches entire video all the way through before attempting whole chain

Question 22

what factors affect performance of behavioral chain?

Answer 22

• completeness of task analysis (consistency)
• length or complexity of chain (longer = more training)
• schedule of reinforcement
• stimulus variation (all variations of S^D included in training)
• response variation (variations in S^Ds require some changed to produce same effect)

Question 23

what are the gradual changes procedures?

Answer 23

shaping
chaining
fading

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

• steps reinforce successive approximation of target behavior
• training enviro: unstructured situation in which learner may emit variety of behaviors
• applied reinforcement and extinction

Question 25

fading

Answer 25

• steps gradually transfer stimulus control from prompts to S^D
• training enviro: structured situation allows precise control of stimuli
• applied reinforcement

Question 26

chaining

Answer 26

• steps reinforce S-R links that comprise a sequence of behaviors
• training: structured situation that allows S and R to be sequenced precisely
• applies reinforcement, prompting with fading and/or shaping

Question 27

what are steps in behavioral chains?

Answer 27

morphologically different behaviors in a sequence
- they are the links

Question 28

how to use chaining procedures?

Answer 28

• determine whether chaining is appropriate
• perform task analysis to determine behavioral chain
• measure performance baseline, assessing each link of entire behavior chain
• select chaining procedure- depending on ability
• apply behavior treatment program (thinning)
• ensure behavior is maintained- continuous reinforcement

Question 29

how to make the outcome of the chain more reinforcing?

Answer 29

establishing operation (EO)

Question 30

single opportunity method

Answer 30

Cooper study
- present the learner with opportunity to complete the task and record components the learner completes without assistance in correct sequence

Question 31

multiple-opportunity method

Answer 31

assess learner’s ability to complete each individual component in chain