Topic 6 Flashcards
punishment
process in which consequences of behavior weakens operant behavior
punisher
stimulus, object or event that weakens behaviour
- often aversive stimulus
- defined by its effect on behavior it follows
- decreases the frequency of behavior
_____ is punished
behavior
punishment is not the same as _____
revenge
positive punishment
presentation of aversive stimulus decreases behavior
- behavior is less likely to occur in future
application of aversive activities
individuals perform aversive activity as consequence for inappropriate behavior
what principle applied to punishment?
Premack
- making them engage in non-preferred behavior can serve as positive punishment for performing more-preferred behavior
application of aversive stimulation
punishes behavior by delivering aversive stimulus
negative punishment
removal of appetitive stimulus decreases behavior
time-out from positive reinforcement
- removes individual from reinforcing enviro as a consequence for inappropriate behavior
response cost
punishes behavior by taking away a valued item or privilege
is punishment or extinction rapid?
punishment
unconditioned punisher (primary)
- stimulus or event that is naturally aversive
- may be biologically important
- harmful effect or affect survival
- pain bc of shock
conditioned punisher (secondary)
previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with unconditioned punisher so acts like punisher
- “no”
- threats of harm
- reprimands
- tickets
- defined functionally
generalized conditioned punisher
conditioned punisher that has been paired with number of other punishers
immediacy
punishment most effective when it follows immediately after behavior
contingency
punishment most effective when it follows every behavior
what happens when there is inadvertent reinforcement during punishment?
behavior increases
motivating operation
events that temporarily alter effectiveness of punishment, thus affect behavior
establishing operation
establishes/increases effectiveness of punishment
- deprivation that makes the loss of reinforcer more effective as a punisher
abolishing operation
decreases effectiveness of punishment
- satiation that makes loss of reinforcer less effective as punisher
verbal explanation
giving reason for delivery of punishment may enhance effects
individual differences
particular conditioned punishment depends on individual past history which varies from person to person
magnitude of punishment
more intense stimulus is more likely to function as punisher
do punishment of extreme intensity have a greater effect on behavior?
no
pros to punishment
- rapid
- behavior may be resistant to other treatment but punishment
- may suppress unwanted behavior
cons to punishment
- undesirable emotional or aggressive responses
- escape and avoidance responses
- induce overuse in person administering it due to producing neg reinforcement
- modeling: individual subjected to punishment may rarely learn to use punishment to control others
- ethical issues: punishment may violate institutional policies or laws
corporal
of or pertaining to the human body
- any form of pos punishment
what is corporal punishment is referred to as?
physical punishment
____% of households reported spanking
35
who in canada are more in favor of spanking?
older
strict view of CP and physical abuse
any form of CP is abuse
lay belief of CP and physical abuse
there is a difference but no clear line apart from legal definitions
what section of Criminal Code authorizes physical discipline?
43
common reasons for spanking
- tried-and-true
- personal responsibility
- self-discipline
- moral character development
research say about spanking?
- does the opposite of goals
- double-blind, randomized controlled trials, ethics
- self-reports (social desirability effects)
- CP results in immediate compliance but no suppression
- no long-term internalized compliance
why is spanking ineffective?
- for it to be effective: - immediate, consistent and delivered after every instance
- spanking does not teach children new behaviors or what to do in place of problem behavior
- strong emotional and physical feeling produced by spanking may interfere with disciplinary messages
- spanking models of use of aggression and violence
unintended detrimental side of effects of spanking
- poor quality of parent-child relationships
- adult aggression and antisocial behavior
- greater incidence of child abuse
- impaired mental health and psychological wellbeing (5 point IQ decline)
Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor
comprehensive meta-analysis
- 13 detrimental outcomes
- no substantial differences between spanking and physical punishment
alternatives to spanking
reasoning
- limits and rules
- verbal directives and discipline
- apply other subtypes of punishment- time-out, response cost
- age-appropriate
- connected to of behavior
task specific
consequence helps child practice skills and behaviors that need improvement
time specific
behavior change must happen in defined time period
what do consequences need to be followed with?
love and trust
extinction vs neg punishment
withholding reinforcer that was maintaining behavior vs removing or withdrawing positive reinforcer after behavior
when is punisher delivered?
after
- pos punishment
when is punisher removed?
after
- neg reinforcement
when is reinforcing stimulus removed?
after behavior
- behavior will decrease
- neg punishment
when is reinforcing stimulus presented?
- after
- behavior increase
- pos reinforcement
ethical guidelinesfor punishment
- based on assessment results and address reasons
- reinforcement first
- punishment used only if severity of problem behavior warrants it
- used in conjunction with reinforcement
