Topic 6 Flashcards by Nurin Amlani

punishment

process in which consequences of behavior weakens operant behavior

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punisher

stimulus, object or event that weakens behaviour
- often aversive stimulus
- defined by its effect on behavior it follows
- decreases the frequency of behavior

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_____ is punished

behavior

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punishment is not the same as _____

revenge

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positive punishment

presentation of aversive stimulus decreases behavior
- behavior is less likely to occur in future

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application of aversive activities

individuals perform aversive activity as consequence for inappropriate behavior

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what principle applied to punishment?

Premack
- making them engage in non-preferred behavior can serve as positive punishment for performing more-preferred behavior

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application of aversive stimulation

punishes behavior by delivering aversive stimulus

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negative punishment

removal of appetitive stimulus decreases behavior

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time-out from positive reinforcement

removes individual from reinforcing enviro as a consequence for inappropriate behavior

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response cost

punishes behavior by taking away a valued item or privilege

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is punishment or extinction rapid?

punishment

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unconditioned punisher (primary)

stimulus or event that is naturally aversive
may be biologically important
harmful effect or affect survival
pain bc of shock

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conditioned punisher (secondary)

previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with unconditioned punisher so acts like punisher
- “no”
- threats of harm
- reprimands
- tickets
- defined functionally

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generalized conditioned punisher

conditioned punisher that has been paired with number of other punishers

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immediacy

punishment most effective when it follows immediately after behavior

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contingency

punishment most effective when it follows every behavior

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what happens when there is inadvertent reinforcement during punishment?

behavior increases

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motivating operation

events that temporarily alter effectiveness of punishment, thus affect behavior

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establishing operation

establishes/increases effectiveness of punishment
- deprivation that makes the loss of reinforcer more effective as a punisher

abolishing operation

decreases effectiveness of punishment
- satiation that makes loss of reinforcer less effective as punisher

verbal explanation

giving reason for delivery of punishment may enhance effects

individual differences

particular conditioned punishment depends on individual past history which varies from person to person

magnitude of punishment

more intense stimulus is more likely to function as punisher

do punishment of extreme intensity have a greater effect on behavior?

pros to punishment

- rapid - behavior may be resistant to other treatment but punishment - may suppress unwanted behavior

cons to punishment

- undesirable emotional or aggressive responses - escape and avoidance responses - induce overuse in person administering it due to producing neg reinforcement - modeling: individual subjected to punishment may rarely learn to use punishment to control others - ethical issues: punishment may violate institutional policies or laws

corporal

of or pertaining to the human body - any form of pos punishment

what is corporal punishment is referred to as?

physical punishment

____% of households reported spanking

who in canada are more in favor of spanking?

older

strict view of CP and physical abuse

any form of CP is abuse

lay belief of CP and physical abuse

there is a difference but no clear line apart from legal definitions

what section of Criminal Code authorizes physical discipline?

common reasons for spanking

- tried-and-true - personal responsibility - self-discipline - moral character development

research say about spanking?

- does the opposite of goals - double-blind, randomized controlled trials, ethics - self-reports (social desirability effects) - CP results in immediate compliance but no suppression - no long-term internalized compliance

why is spanking ineffective?

- for it to be effective: - immediate, consistent and delivered after every instance - spanking does not teach children new behaviors or what to do in place of problem behavior - strong emotional and physical feeling produced by spanking may interfere with disciplinary messages - spanking models of use of aggression and violence

unintended detrimental side of effects of spanking

- poor quality of parent-child relationships - adult aggression and antisocial behavior - greater incidence of child abuse - impaired mental health and psychological wellbeing (5 point IQ decline)

Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor

comprehensive meta-analysis - 13 detrimental outcomes - no substantial differences between spanking and physical punishment

alternatives to spanking

reasoning - limits and rules - verbal directives and discipline - apply other subtypes of punishment- time-out, response cost - age-appropriate - connected to of behavior

task specific

consequence helps child practice skills and behaviors that need improvement

time specific

behavior change must happen in defined time period

what do consequences need to be followed with?

love and trust

extinction vs neg punishment

withholding reinforcer that was maintaining behavior vs removing or withdrawing positive reinforcer after behavior

when is punisher delivered?

after - pos punishment

when is punisher removed?

after - neg reinforcement

when is reinforcing stimulus removed?

after behavior - behavior will decrease - neg punishment

when is reinforcing stimulus presented?

- after - behavior increase - pos reinforcement

ethical guidelinesfor punishment

- based on assessment results and address reasons - reinforcement first - punishment used only if severity of problem behavior warrants it - used in conjunction with reinforcement