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IB SEHS > Topic 5: Skills in sports > Flashcards

Topic 5: Skills in sports Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term skill

A

Skill is the consistent production of goal-oriented movements, which are learned and specific to the task

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2
Q

What are the different skill types?

A

Cognitive, Perceptual, motor and perceptual-motor skill

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3
Q

What is a cognitive skill?

A

Requires a lot of thinking. Knowledge of the game & decision making also required. The ability to solve problems and make correct decisions

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4
Q

What is perceptual skill?

A

Using your senses to assess a situation and help you make decisions.

Vision, hearing, touch etc.

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5
Q

What is a motor skill?

A

Emphasis on learned movement without much thinking required

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6
Q

What is a perceptual-motor skill

A

Involve:

Thinking

Interpretation of environmental stimuli

The motor response to this sensory info.

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7
Q

What are the 5 different approaches to classifying a motor skill?

A

Discrete–serial–continuous

Open–closed

Gross–fine

Interaction continuum (individual– coactive–interactive).

External–internal paced skills

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8
Q

What are discrete skills?

A

Have a clear start and finish. Usually brief and well defined. E.x Cricket shot

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9
Q

What are serial skills?

A

The linking together of skills to form a longer, more complex movement. E.x triple jump ( hop, skip, jump

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10
Q

What are continuous skills?

A

The end of the movement cycle is also the beginning of the next. The skill is usually repeated until a time or distance goal has been achieved. E.x swimming

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11
Q

What are closed skills?

A

Stable and predictable environment. E.x Tennis serve

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12
Q

What is an open skill?

A

Unstable and unpredictable environment. E.x a football throw

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13
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Movements involve small muscle groups and fine movements. E.x Darts

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14
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Movements involve large muscle groups or many muscle groups and gross movements. E.x kicking a football

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15
Q

What are individual skills?

A

Skills performed in isolation from others

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16
Q

What are coactive skills?

A

Skills performed with someone else but with no direct confrontation.

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17
Q

What are the interactive skills?

A

Skills performed alongside others and confrontation can be involved.

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18
Q

What are internally paced skills?

A

the performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed

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19
Q

What are externally paced skills?

A

the environment (which may include opponents) controls the rate

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20
Q

What are abilities?

A

Abilities are genetically predetermined characteristics

Abilities differ from skills as skills are learned whereas abilities are genetic characteristics.

Abilities use both perceptual motor skills and physical proficiency abilities

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21
Q

Define abilities

A

Ability refers to a general trait or capacity of the individual that is related to the performance and performance potential of a variety of skills or tasks.

22
Q

Define the term technique

A

Technique in general terms is a “way of doing”. In the performance of a specific sports skill it is defined as the “way in which that sports skill is performed”.

23
Q

State the relationship between ability, skill and technique

A

Skill = ability + selection of an appropriate technique

24
Q

Discuss the differences between Skilled and Novice Performers

A

Skilled

Fluent Movements

Know what they want to achieve and how to achieve it

Efficient – Energy is not wasted

Consistent performers

Accurate in the application of skill

Novice

Often un-coordinated movements

Do not always know what they are trying to achieve

Inefficient movements – Lots of energy wasted

Inconsistent performers

Inaccurate

25
Q

Describe a simple model of information processing

A

Information processing is the system by which we take information from our surrounding environment, use it to make a decision and then produce a response: input–decision-making– output.

26
Q

Welford’s Model of information processing

A

sense organs

  • perception
  • short-term memory
  • long-term memory
  • decision-making
  • effector control
  • feedback
27
Q

What are the three sensory inputs?

A
  • Exteroceptors
  • propioceptors
  • interoceptors
28
Q

What do exteroceptors do?

A

provide information from outside of the body, about the external environment, like touch, pressure, temperature

29
Q

What do proprioceptors do?

A

provide information about the position and posture of our body in space. They sense stimuli from the muscles, tendons and joints

30
Q

What are interceptors?

A

provide information about the events in the viscera. E.g receptors sensing blood pressure, plasma osmolarity, blood glucose concentration

31
Q

Explain the Signal Detection Process

A

Often referred to as the detection–comparison–recognition process (DCR).

Limit to background noise, intensity of the

stimulus, efficiency of the sense organs, early

signal detection and improving signal detection.

32
Q

What is the short term sensory store?

A

All incoming information held here for a brief time.

Information is only retained and passed to the STM if it’s rehearsed (mentally processed)

33
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Rehearsed info from the STSS is passed onto the STM

90% of the information lost within the first 10 seconds.

STM has a limited capacity (7±2 pieces if info)

34
Q

Long term memory

A

No capacity limitations

It is where all the info that enters the STM and is rehearsed, is stored.

Info from STM is stored as LTM or lost

35
Q

Discuss the relationship between selective attention and memory

A

This theory states that all input enters the STM

Selected stimuli are compared to the LTM in order to make a decision

Past experience helps with signal attention

36
Q

What are the different methods of memory improvement?

A

brevity

clarity

chunking

organization

association

practice

coding

37
Q

Define the term response time

A

Response time = reaction time + movement time

38
Q

Outline factors that effect response time

A

Response time is an ability, having individual and group variance (for example age, gender, physical fitness, fatigue, distraction, alcohol, personality type, and whether the stimulus is auditory or visual.

39
Q

Evaluate the concept of psychological refractory period (PRP)

A

The term psychological refractory period (PRP) refers to the period of time during which the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed

40
Q

Describe a motor program

A

a set of movements stored as a whole in the memory regardless of whether feedback is used in their execution

41
Q
A
42
Q

What is open-loop perspective

A

Performance of a skill without feedback

Very fast movements

43
Q

What is closed-loop perspective?

A

Feedback is utilized to adjust the program

Allows us to adjust movement during its execution

44
Q

What is Adams’ closed loop theory

A

Memory trace: responsible for selecting and initiating the movement (comparing to LTM)

Perceptual trace: a reference model acquired through practice. It is used to adjust the movement. This is accomplished by comparing the incoming feedback to the perceptual trace

Feedback is used to modify on-going action

45
Q

Explain the differences in the performance of a dive start by a skilled swimmer and a novice swimmer

A

Fluent movement compared to the novice. Appears to be one fluid motion.

The skilled diver is accurate compared to the novice.

The skilled diver is controlled, ie body position is properly controlled and maintained.

Goal-directed. The skilled swim diver is completing the dive to give him/her the most advantage for the swimming race.

Learned. The skilled diver has been well-coached over a period of time.

Aesthetic. The skilled diver’s movement is pleasing to the eye.

46
Q

What are the different feedbacks

A

Intrinsic Feedback

Extrinsic Feedback

Knowledge of Results

Knowledge of Performance

Positive feedback

negative feedback

47
Q

What is intrinsic feedback

A

Available to a player without outside help

48
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

Provided by someone or something else (coach, stopwatch)

49
Q

What is the knowledge of results

A

Post-response information about the outcome of an action.

50
Q

What is the knowledge of performance

A

Post-response information concerning the nature of the movement.

The ‘feel’ of a movement

51
Q

What is positive feedback

A

IB SEHS (40 decks)

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