Topic 5: Skills in sports Flashcards
Define the term skill
Skill is the consistent production of goal-oriented movements, which are learned and specific to the task
What are the different skill types?
Cognitive, Perceptual, motor and perceptual-motor skill
What is a cognitive skill?
Requires a lot of thinking. Knowledge of the game & decision making also required. The ability to solve problems and make correct decisions
What is perceptual skill?
Using your senses to assess a situation and help you make decisions.
Vision, hearing, touch etc.
What is a motor skill?
Emphasis on learned movement without much thinking required
What is a perceptual-motor skill
Involve:
Thinking
Interpretation of environmental stimuli
The motor response to this sensory info.
What are the 5 different approaches to classifying a motor skill?
Discrete–serial–continuous
Open–closed
Gross–fine
Interaction continuum (individual– coactive–interactive).
External–internal paced skills
What are discrete skills?
Have a clear start and finish. Usually brief and well defined. E.x Cricket shot
What are serial skills?
The linking together of skills to form a longer, more complex movement. E.x triple jump ( hop, skip, jump
What are continuous skills?
The end of the movement cycle is also the beginning of the next. The skill is usually repeated until a time or distance goal has been achieved. E.x swimming
What are closed skills?
Stable and predictable environment. E.x Tennis serve
What is an open skill?
Unstable and unpredictable environment. E.x a football throw
What are fine motor skills?
Movements involve small muscle groups and fine movements. E.x Darts
What are gross motor skills?
Movements involve large muscle groups or many muscle groups and gross movements. E.x kicking a football
What are individual skills?
Skills performed in isolation from others
What are coactive skills?
Skills performed with someone else but with no direct confrontation.
What are the interactive skills?
Skills performed alongside others and confrontation can be involved.
What are internally paced skills?
the performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed
What are externally paced skills?
the environment (which may include opponents) controls the rate
What are abilities?
Abilities are genetically predetermined characteristics
Abilities differ from skills as skills are learned whereas abilities are genetic characteristics.
Abilities use both perceptual motor skills and physical proficiency abilities
Define abilities
Ability refers to a general trait or capacity of the individual that is related to the performance and performance potential of a variety of skills or tasks.
Define the term technique
Technique in general terms is a “way of doing”. In the performance of a specific sports skill it is defined as the “way in which that sports skill is performed”.
State the relationship between ability, skill and technique
Skill = ability + selection of an appropriate technique
Discuss the differences between Skilled and Novice Performers
Skilled
Fluent Movements
Know what they want to achieve and how to achieve it
Efficient – Energy is not wasted
Consistent performers
Accurate in the application of skill
Novice
Often un-coordinated movements
Do not always know what they are trying to achieve
Inefficient movements – Lots of energy wasted
Inconsistent performers
Inaccurate
Describe a simple model of information processing
Information processing is the system by which we take information from our surrounding environment, use it to make a decision and then produce a response: input–decision-making– output.
Welford’s Model of information processing
sense organs
- perception
- short-term memory
- long-term memory
- decision-making
- effector control
- feedback
What are the three sensory inputs?
- Exteroceptors
- propioceptors
- interoceptors
What do exteroceptors do?
provide information from outside of the body, about the external environment, like touch, pressure, temperature
What do proprioceptors do?
provide information about the position and posture of our body in space. They sense stimuli from the muscles, tendons and joints
What are interceptors?
provide information about the events in the viscera. E.g receptors sensing blood pressure, plasma osmolarity, blood glucose concentration
Explain the Signal Detection Process
Often referred to as the detection–comparison–recognition process (DCR).
Limit to background noise, intensity of the
stimulus, efficiency of the sense organs, early
signal detection and improving signal detection.
What is the short term sensory store?
All incoming information held here for a brief time.
Information is only retained and passed to the STM if it’s rehearsed (mentally processed)
What is short term memory?
Rehearsed info from the STSS is passed onto the STM
90% of the information lost within the first 10 seconds.
STM has a limited capacity (7±2 pieces if info)
Long term memory
No capacity limitations
It is where all the info that enters the STM and is rehearsed, is stored.
Info from STM is stored as LTM or lost
Discuss the relationship between selective attention and memory
This theory states that all input enters the STM
Selected stimuli are compared to the LTM in order to make a decision
Past experience helps with signal attention
What are the different methods of memory improvement?
brevity
clarity
chunking
organization
association
practice
coding
Define the term response time
Response time = reaction time + movement time
Outline factors that effect response time
Response time is an ability, having individual and group variance (for example age, gender, physical fitness, fatigue, distraction, alcohol, personality type, and whether the stimulus is auditory or visual.
Evaluate the concept of psychological refractory period (PRP)
The term psychological refractory period (PRP) refers to the period of time during which the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed
Describe a motor program
a set of movements stored as a whole in the memory regardless of whether feedback is used in their execution
What is open-loop perspective
Performance of a skill without feedback
Very fast movements
What is closed-loop perspective?
Feedback is utilized to adjust the program
Allows us to adjust movement during its execution
What is Adams’ closed loop theory
Memory trace: responsible for selecting and initiating the movement (comparing to LTM)
Perceptual trace: a reference model acquired through practice. It is used to adjust the movement. This is accomplished by comparing the incoming feedback to the perceptual trace
Feedback is used to modify on-going action
Explain the differences in the performance of a dive start by a skilled swimmer and a novice swimmer
Fluent movement compared to the novice. Appears to be one fluid motion.
The skilled diver is accurate compared to the novice.
The skilled diver is controlled, ie body position is properly controlled and maintained.
Goal-directed. The skilled swim diver is completing the dive to give him/her the most advantage for the swimming race.
Learned. The skilled diver has been well-coached over a period of time.
Aesthetic. The skilled diver’s movement is pleasing to the eye.
What are the different feedbacks
Intrinsic Feedback
Extrinsic Feedback
Knowledge of Results
Knowledge of Performance
Positive feedback
negative feedback
What is intrinsic feedback
Available to a player without outside help
What is extrinsic feedback?
Provided by someone or something else (coach, stopwatch)
What is the knowledge of results
Post-response information about the outcome of an action.
What is the knowledge of performance
Post-response information concerning the nature of the movement.
The ‘feel’ of a movement
What is positive feedback
