Olivia Kern'S 4.2 Joint and Movement Flashcards
Outline the types of movement of synovial joints:
Flexion: Closing of the joint angle around the transverse axis at the joint.
Extension/Hyperextension (past 180 degrees): Opening of the joint angle around the transverse axis at the joint.
Dorsiflexion (Foot): Flexion of the ankle joint (up) in the sagittal plane.
Plantar flexion (Foot): Extension of the ankle joint (down) in the sagittal plane.
Abduction (Arm/Leg):Opening of the joint angle around the anteroposterior axis at the joint.
Adduction (Arm/Leg):Closing of the joint angle around the anteroposterior axis at the joint.
Pronation (Hand):Medial rotation of the radioulnar joint (not wrist joint). This movement allows the forearm and hand to rotate, even when the elbow is flexed. If the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees from the anatomical position, pronation would take the hand from “palm upwards” to “palm downwards”.
Supination (Hand):Lateral rotation of the radioulnar joint (not the wrist joint). This movement allows the forearm and hand to rotate, even when the elbow is flexed. If the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees from the anatomical position, supination would take the hand from “palm downwards” to “palm upwards”.
Medial (inward) rotation Eversion (Foot): The anterior surface of the moving bone moves towards the medial (inside) aspect of the body.
Lateral (outward) rotation Inversion (Foot): The anterior surface of the moving bone moves towards the lateral (outside) aspect of the body.
Outline the types of muscle contraction.
Isometric (static): If the muscle contracts but the rotational effect of the force (torque or moment) is exactly equal to that provided by the resistance, the muscle will not physically shorten although it is contracted; tension but no movement; same distance; no change in muscle length; e.g. arm wrestling, rings (gymnastics), plank.
Isotonic: Same tension or force (however this is misleading- the force in the muscle will usually change due to the change in joint angle); movement.
Concentric: If the rotational effect of the force (torque or movement) from the muscle is greater than that of the resistance to be overcome; distance between origin and insertion decreases; joint angle decreases, usually against gravity; shortening; ends of muscle drawn together.
Eccentric: If the muscle is contracting but the rotational effect of the muscle force (muscle torque or moment) is less than that of the resistance; distance between origin and insertion increases; joint angle increases, usually with gravity; lengthening; ends of muscle moving apart.
Isokinetic: When a muscle contracts so that the body segment to which it is attached moves at a constant speed around the joint; tension remains constant throughout range of movement; same speed; rare in sporting examples; requires special equipment (useful in rehabilitation when a therapist wants to make sure the speed of a limn is not excessive).
