Topic 3: Part E

Question 1

Non-bacteria food contamination

Answer 1

• viruses
• mycotoxins
• mad cow disease
• food packaging materials

Question 2

Viruses

Answer 2

• hepatitis A

- norwalk viruses (noromiruses)

Question 3

Hepatitis A

Answer 3

6th leading cause of food borne illness in US. disease leads for 2 weeks to 6 months.

Question 4

Hep A transmission

Answer 4

by focal-oral route with foods subject to fecal contamination due to a food handler or contact w sewage. transmitted by food associated w shellfish.

Question 5

Hep A causes

Answer 5

profound malaise, headache, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort, and may be followed by jaundice.

Question 6

Hep A symptoms take about ..

Answer 6

4 weeks to develop however it can take anywhere from 15-50 days. viruses being shed in faces during the time before symptoms are seen.

Question 7

Hep A prevention

Answer 7

• Cook shellfish thoroughly
• General sanitation
• Hep A vaccine 


Question 8

Norwalk viruses (noroviruses)

Answer 8

• first recognized in a school outbreak in Norwalk, Ohio 1968.
• symptoms: gastroenteritis, with vomitting and diarrhea
• incubation of 1-2 hrs followed by illness that lasts 1-2 days
• virus shed in faces during the disease period
• prevention: cook shellfish properly and proper sanitation

Question 9

Mycotoxins

Answer 9

• toxins produced by molds growing on foods
• molds can typically be seen on foods because their fuzzy growth
• grow best at room temp, but need less moisture to grow than bacteria do. toxin production stimulated at lower temps

Question 10

Symptoms of mycotoxins

Answer 10

food borne illness symptoms (nausea, vomiting etc.), kidney disorders, liver cancer, bone marrow destruction and gangrenous ergotism.
 can progress to loss of circulation and result in amputation

Question 11

Mycotoxin is best known is..

Answer 11

“aflatoxin” made by the mold aspergillum flavus

Question 12

Mycotoxin is found in..

Answer 12

nuts, corn, wheat, flour, soybean

Question 13

Mycotoxins exhibit properties of..

Answer 13

acute and chronic toxicity, liver carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity

Question 14

Prevention of mycotoxins

Answer 14

difficulty to avoid contamination there fore health regulations permit certain levels in food

Question 15

Mad cow disease is also called ..

Answer 15

bovine spongeiform encephalopathy (BSE)


Question 16

Mad cow disease is one…

Answer 16

of several transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs).

Question 17

TSEs are a class of ..

Answer 17

diseases in which the brain of victim is riddled with holes, taking on a sponge like consistency. ALWAYS fatal

Question 18

Mad cow disease causes ..

Answer 18

a progressive and debilitating neurological condition, especially loss of coordination, apprehension and convulsions.

Question 19

Cause mad cow disease

Answer 19

unknown but is suspected that victims of acquire the disease from consumption of beef from BSE-affected cows.

Question 20

Mad cow disease in humans is know as new variant ..

Answer 20

cruetzfeld-jakob disease

Question 21

The infectious agent in BSE is believed to be a..

Answer 21

specific type of misfolded protein “prion”

Question 22

Prions

Answer 22

replicate by converting their properly folded counterparts

Question 23

Over time normal brain prion proteins (PrP) convert into..

Answer 23

the toxic disease related (PrPSc) form

Question 24

Origin of BSE was traced to the..

Answer 24

United kingdom where cows were fed feed that contained bone meal unstained from dead sheep that perhaps suffered from scrapie

Question 25

Scrapie

Answer 25

(intense itching) is a neurological disease in sheep and goats that has been around for 200 plus years

Question 26

Due to inadequate processing scrapie was ..

Answer 26

passed down to cows

Question 27

Prevention of mad cow disease

Answer 27

• In 1989 animal-derived feed was banned in the United Kingdom. (Canada 1997)
• Health Canada ensures specified risk materials (SRM) don’t end up in food supply: skull, brain, trigeminal ganglia (nerves from brain), eyes, tonsils, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia (spinal cord nerve) of cattle aged 30 months or older, distal ileum of cattle of all ages

Question 28

The food manufacturer/seller bears a legal responsibility for safety of packaging materials used. This is due to..

Answer 28

the potential migration of chemicals from packaging materials to foods.

Question 29

Manufacturer must submit data on..

Answer 29

• chemical composition of material
• intended end use
• extractability of chemicals in packaging materials by food
• toxicological data on residues.

Question 30

Specific regulations exist for some..

Answer 30

packaging materials with limits set on levels permitted and migration limits

Question 31

Bisphenol A (BPA)

Answer 31

• chemical used in production of hard, clear plastic called polycarbonate
• used in production of epoxy resins which are used to line the inside fo food/beverage cans

Question 32

Polycarbonate

Answer 32

used in variety of food containers

Question 33

Small amount of BPA may..

Answer 33

leach out into the food/water, however this exposure is of no risk to Canadians which exception of newborns and infants

Question 34

The effects seen in animal research have shown that BPA can have..

Answer 34

estrogen like activity in the body

Question 35

Health Canada recommends for BPA

Answer 35

Do not put boiling / very hot water into polycarbonate baby bottles. Allow polycarbonate bottles to cool to room temp after sterilization / cleaning before adding infant formula

Question 36

Health Canada alternatives for BPA

Answer 36

check to see if your container has a recycling symbol on the bottom. Polycarbonate plastic fits in the “other plastic” category for recycling, classified by the number ‘7’. Polycarbonate is not the only “other plastic” that fits in this category, so this does not mean that there is for sure BPA in the plastic. If the symbol on the bottom is ‘7 PC’ this indicates polycarbonate plastic.


Question 37

The BPA recycling symbols on containers are no mandatory so ..

Answer 37

may not be found on your container. lack of these symbols doesn’t mean there is not polycarbonate in container