Topic 2: Part A

Question 1

Agriculture revolution

Answer 1

12000 BC. planting and harvesting of crops domestication of animals and plants. security of food suppl

Question 2

Salting

Answer 2

method of preservation was mastered in europe approx. 500 BC and salt was a major commodity

Question 3

Late 15th century when ..

Answer 3

wheat was introduced to Canada

Question 4

Industrial revolution 18-19th century

Answer 4

• technological change
• transportation of food a priority
• refrigeration and drying developed in 19th century
• canning methods developed in 1780s
• pasteurization

Question 5

Decrease in biodiversity began with the green revolution which is..

Answer 5

dramatic increase in food production in the 60’s due to new seeds developed from crossbreeding

Question 6

Science revolution in 20th century was about

Answer 6

biotechnology and planting of high yield wheat varieties (monoculture, fertilizers etc)

Question 7

4 methods of increasing food productivity

Answer 7

• agriculture chemicals
• aquaculture
• irrigation
• biotechnology

Question 8

Agriculture chemicals

Answer 8

fertilizers and pesticides increase crop yield and quality when applied appropriately. indiscriminate use can contaminate the water we drink and plants/animals we eat

Question 9

Aquaculture

Answer 9

practice of mass production of fish in ponds or in floating cages in rivers, lakes or sea. f

Question 10

Aquaculture food safety concerns include

Answer 10

• exposure to chemical pollution and oil spills
• residual levels of drugs and medications in the flesh of fish
• drugs and medications are required to prevent spread of diseases in such dense fish populations

Question 11

Irrigation

Answer 11

involves providing water to crops. helps provide a wide variety of food that would otherwise be less available

Question 12

Irrigation concerns

Answer 12

• high salt in soil
• cost of fuel to pump will increase
• high disease ( >30 diseases have been linked to irrigation projects and dams in tropical countries)

Question 13

Biotechnology

Answer 13

practice of genetic engineering to make useful biological products

Question 14

Genetic engineering

Answer 14

manipulation of the genetic material of living organisms

Question 15

Biotechnology has been used to..

Answer 15

a. improve resistance of food crops to pest infestation
b. increase crop yield
c. extend shelf life
d. improve food texture / taste
e. improve quality attributes
f. enhance nutritional content
g. increase yield from animals
h. improve health of animals
i. enhance quality of product derived

Question 16

Examples of genetic engineering

Answer 16

• delayed ripening in tomato fruits.
• chymosin/rennin used for cheese making
• rice with high % lysine
• poultry producing eggs with high % lysozyme
• corn with high % of protein for animal feed
• high gluten content of what and barley flours

Question 17

Bovine somatotropin hormone (BST)

Answer 17

genetic engineering, called bovine growth hormone, improves milk production in cows 10-14%. not approved in Canada.

Question 18

Plants and animals modified by genetic engineering are called

Answer 18

transgenic

Question 19

Genetic engineering of corn, soybeans and canola

Answer 19

altered to increased % of more desirable unsaturated fats

Question 20

Plants developed to have //

Answer 20

resistance to frost.

Question 21

Lactoferrin (essential form of iron)

Answer 21

found in human milk being introduced to cows milk.

Question 22

Golden rice

Answer 22

• psy (phytoene synthase) from daffodil

- crtl (phytoene desaturase) from soil bacterium

Question 23

What the biotechnology industry says

Answer 23

• Genetic engineering is an extension of plant breeding techniques
• Genetically engineered foods are not nutritionally different from conventional foods
• The potential for benefits is immense, especially with improving agricultural practices

Question 24

Pros of biotechnology

Answer 24

• minimize food shortages (Food production maximized, reduced spoilage due to delayed ripening, improved resistance to heat)
• reduce environmental impact of food production. breeding plants resistant to disease can lessen need for pesticides
• improve nutritional health of individuals (breed foods to contain high levels of nutrients

Question 25

Organically grown crops

Answer 25

crops grown and processed according to regulations define the due of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, preservatives and other chemical ingredients

Question 26

Meat and dairy products may also be called organic if..

Answer 26

the livestock has been raised on organic feed with use of hormones, and antibiotics according to regulations

Question 27

Producers may not claim products are organic if they have been..

Answer 27

- irradiated - genetically engineered - grown with fertilizer made form sewer sludge

Question 28

Organic farming is associated with ..

Answer 28

reduced farm costs, increased soil quality due to the decrease chemical impact on the environment (dragon flies to control mosquitoes)

Question 29

Organic food product are usually more..

Answer 29

expensive but offer no nutritional advantage

Question 30

General principles of organic production

Answer 30

- Protect the environment - Maintain long-term soil fertility - Maintain biological diversity - Recycle and maintain resources to the greatest extent possible - Provide attentive care to livestock

Question 31

The belief that organic food has a high nutritional quality than conventional food is only..

Answer 31

middle supported by scientific evidence. may be higher in Vit C and phytochemical but reports are inconsistent.

Question 32

What factors affect the growing season

Answer 32

- soil quality - types of seeds used - temperature - amount of light

Question 33

Organic not always safer example

Answer 33

use of unprocessed animal manure as an organic fertilizers may transmit bacteria such as E. Coli to humans

Question 34

Challenge in organic farming is "nutrient mining" where..

Answer 34

nutrients are removed from the soil in the form of crops, its impossible to replace all nutrients with livestock manure and compost

Question 35

Canada has created mandatory regulations and standards for organic foods called the

Answer 35

organic products regulations as of june 2009

Question 36

The CFIA works with certification bodes to ensure that Canada wide standards are ..

Answer 36

met and a special logo identifying the food as organic is used on packaging that's used on organic foods and multi ingredient food products containing at least 95% organic ingredients

Question 37

Foods contain 70-95% organic ingredients can make labelling claims about organic ingredients such as..

Answer 37

- contains organic ingredients - contains 70% organic, - CANNOT use organic label

Question 38

Canada creates regulations but the CFIA..

Answer 38

enforces them