Topic 2

Question 1

Principle structures of ventilatory system

Answer 1

Nose/Mouth, Pharynx and larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs and Alveoli

Question 2

Functions of the conducting airways

Answer 2

Low resistance pathway for airflow
Warming and moistening air
Defense against chemicals when inhaled

Question 3

Nose/Mouth

Answer 3

Where air is inhaled into

Question 4

Pharynx

Answer 4

Receives air from the nasal cavity

Question 5

Larynx

Answer 5

Prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing

Question 6

Trachea

Answer 6

Carries air from the larynx to bronchi. Cartilage holds trachea open to maintain constant airflow.

Question 7

Bronchi

Answer 7

Two large tubes which provide air to left and right lung.

Question 8

Bronchioles

Answer 8

Further division of bronchi which provide air to the lungs

Question 9

Lungs

Answer 9

Two air-filled structures found in the thorax which allow gas exchange between air and the bloodstream

Question 10

Alveoli

Answer 10

Tiny air sacs which are the site of gas exchange between the air and the bloodstream

Question 11

Total Lung capacity

Answer 11

The volume of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation

Question 12

Vital Capacity

Answer 12

Maximum amount of volume of air exhaled after maximum inhalation

Question 13

Tidal Volume

Answer 13

Volume of air breathed in and out per breath

Question 14

Residual volume

Answer 14

The volume of air in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Question 15

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

Volume in air of excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

Question 16

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 16

Volume of air additionally inspired above tidal volume

Question 17

Mechanics of inspiration

Answer 17

The pressure in the lungs decrease as the volume of air in the lungs increases

The external muscles contract and intercostal relaxes

The diaphragm contracts and flattens moves downwards

The ribcage moves up and outward to get as much air in as possible.

Question 18

Mechanics of expiration

Answer 18

The pressure in the lungs increase as the volume of air in the lungs decrease

The internal intercostal muscles contract while the external one contracts

The diaphragm relaxes and rises upwards and the abdominal muscles contract aswell.

The ribcage moves upwards and inwards

Question 19

What is Boyles law

Answer 19

A decrease in long volume leads to an increase in lung pressure.

Question 20

Why are accessory muscles important

Answer 20

Muscles of the chest and shoulders can assist in compression but because its an actives process it requires energy from respiration.

Question 21

The role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport

Answer 21

Most Oxygen in the blood is transported by haemoglobin within red blood cells.

Question 22

Explain the process of gas exchange in the alveoli

Answer 22

Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli in the lungs and takes place by diffusion. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries so oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

Diffusion
is the movement of gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

There is a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood.

There is a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a low concentration in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.

Question 23

Why are alveoli well adapted to gas exchange

Answer 23

Increase the surface area for gas exchange
Membrane is very thin allowing gases to have a short path for diffusion
A rich blood supply as they have there own network of capillaries

Question 24

Chemical control of Ventilation

Answer 24

Ventilation increases due to and increase in blood acidity levels due to increased CO2 in blood which leads to increased depth and rate of breathing

Question 25

Nervous control of Ventilation

Answer 25

The regulation of breathing groups by neurons in the brainstem. Stimulates respiratory muscles to maintain a cardiac rhythm.

Question 26

Maximal oxygen consumption

Answer 26

The functional capacity of the oxygen transport system (aerobic capacity)

Question 27

The variable of maximum oxygen consumption in different groups

Answer 27

Males vs Females Males= Larger maximum oxygen consumption because

Young vs Old VO2 max declines with age

Athletes vs Non Athlete- Athletes have a higher Vo2 max because there body uses oxygen more efficiently so can work faster and harder

Question 28

Cardiovascular adaptations from endurance training

Answer 28

Increased stroke Volume and a lower resting and exercise heart rate. Increased capillarization and thickening of heart muscles

Question 29

Cardiovascular drift

Answer 29

Heart rate gradually increases when exercise is performed at a constant rate over a sustained period of time.

A reduction in stroke volume causes heart rate to increase to match cardiac output.