5.2 Flashcards
What is the black box model
Input - CNS - Output
-Feedback-
Definition of information processing
System in which we take information from the surrounding environment, use it to make a decision and then produce a response
Simple model of information processing
Input- Decision making by CNS- Output
DRAW WELFORDS MODEL
What does Welford’s model suggest
We take in information via senses and temporarily store them before sorting them out.
Inputs relevant to decision making stored in short term memory
Decision is made by comparing info in short term memory to that in the long term memory
The decision is then carried out and the results stored for future reference.
Exteroceptors
They detect information from outside the body. In sport this is information the player can see hear and touch
Interceptors
Provide information from within the body. Within sport they detect changes in CO2 level, blood pressure and movements in response to the CNS
Proprioceptors
They detect and inform CNS for body position and limb movement. They feed back to the CNS with reference to correct technique and power of movement
Explain the signal-detection process
Signal detection is how brain make sense of stimuli recieved
Short term sensory stores stores large amounts of information for a very short period of time
Selective attention looks out for the anticipated stimuli
Selected stimuli is compared to long term memory to select right response
Features of the short term sensory store
Holds all information for 0.5 seconds with unlimited storage. Selective attention filters information here and transfers the important information to the short term memory to prevent info overload
Features of the short term memory
Information is held for 10 seconds but can only hold 10 bits of information. STM is active along as attention is being paid to the information. If its been practiced its transferred to the LTM
Features of the long term memory
Can hold an unlimited amount of information and can be stored for a lifetime. LTM retrieves memory from past actions and sends to the STM to allow movement to be carried out.
Define the term response time (equation)
Response time = Reaction time + Movement
Definition of response times (words
The reaction time of a stimuli plus the time it takes to respond and carry to carry out the movement
Definition of reaction time
The time taken to respond to a stimuli
Factors that determine reaction time
Age, Gender, Fatigue, Physical Fitness
The concept of the physical refractory period
1) Two stimuli are presented at the same time meaning the reaction time to the second stimuli is slower
2) This is because we are unable to process a second stimuli until the first stimuli information has been processed
3) This means the reaction time for the second stimuli is longer.
Intrinsic feedback
Comes from within the performer. The feel of the movement eg a performer knows if there long pass or shot was good
Extrinsic feedback
Provided to an athlete via a coach explain how to improve or how well they did.
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of results focuses on how successfully a skill has been performed and is usually associated with the outcome
Knowledge of performance
The outcome of the movement is unknown and not the priority and feedback is based on how well the skill was performed
Positive
Feedback that praises and reassures the performance normally done after a good performance.
Negative
Focuses on the failures of the game to help an athlete see how to improve to succeed.
Terminal
Feedback given to an athlete once the game has ended.
Concurrent
Feedback given during a game can be done intrinsically or by a coach. Can improve or decrease performance.
Role of feedback- Reinforcement t of learning
Role of feedback- Motivation
Dependent on the personality of the athlete as people react differently to different types of feedback. Eg negative feedback motivates some for others it will deter them.
Role of feedback- Adaptation of performance
All types of feedback can cause a performer to adapt there performance. The more variety of feedback the more likely an adaptation will occur
Role of feedback - Punishment
Negative feedback can be given to provide as punishment to a performer and make it clear they aren’t doing well.
Definition of a motor Program
A set of movements stored as a whole in the long term memory.
Definition of an executive program
A complete skill (eg long pass in football)
Association
Link new information with information the learner already knows .
Brevity
Give a learner a small amount of information at a time to avoid overload
Chunking
Break down the information into small chunks as it has more of a chance of transferring to the LTM in smaller bundles.
Clarity
Avoid trying to teach two similar skills at the same time because it could lead to overlap in memory of the two skills
Coding
Name/ Label information
Organization
Provide information in an order allowing for meaningful learning to make it less confusing
Practice
Repeat the information over and over creating a memory trace between the STM and LTM
Rehearsal
Processed and prepared mentally and physically
Factors which influence reaction time
Age, Gender
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