5.3 Flashcards
Definition of learning
Learning is a relatively permanent change brought about by experience
Definition of performance
Temporary occurrence which fluctuates over time. If it changes over time it suggests learning has taken place.
Difference between learning and performance
Learning is a relatively permanent change brought about by experience while performance is a temporary occurrence and fluctuates
What are the three stages of learning
Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous
Cognitive learning phase
The first stage of learning. Performer must focus on the basic fundamentals of the skill.
Lots of trial and error and the performer will require demonstrations explanations and feedback from coaches.
Associative learning phase
The second stage of learning. The performer understands how to complete the skill and needs to focus on eliminating mistakes and improve memory trace between STM AND LTM
A vast improvement occurs as the performers accuracy, consistency and fluency improves.
Autonomous learning stage
The final stage of learning. Performer has embedded motor program into memory and can perform skill with little thought
Athlete now focuses on how to use this new skill to improve performance eg a skill move in football
This stage of learning isn’t permanent and requires the athlete to continue to practice
What are the four types of learning curves
Linear, Positive and Negative and Plateau
Linear learning curve
Practice is successful, motivation and focus is high with positive coach interactions.
Positive accelerated learning curve
The skill is slowly grasped and motivation grows and the athlete see an improvement
Negative accelerated learning curve
Initial high level of progress but is levelled out due to motivation decrease, fatigue or lack of coach feedback
Plateau
Initial learning is fast but a plateau occurs down to lack of motivation, injury, lack of practice or the skill progression is to complex
The 7 factors that affect the rate of learning
Physical maturation and fitness, Age, Difficulty of task, Teaching environment, motivation and coaches
How does physical maturation affect learning
Younger learners struggle processing information and will make a larger number of mistakes. As a learner matures motor plans are generated
How does physical fitness affect learning
The level of fitness of an athlete can impact performance as a leaner can make decisions more effectively if they aren’t fatigued
How does Age affect learning
Physical Maturation, Emotional maturation and will affect progress. This hits a peak in the twenties
How does difficulty of task affect learning
Progress is slower for complex tasks and the desired progress is only achieved if the athlete is motivated enough
How does Teaching environment affect learning
A safe teaching enviroment with limited distractions will have faster and more sustained progress because the athlete is focused.
How does motivation affect learning
The strength of intrinsic motivation of an athlete is important in the rate of learning
How does coaches affect learning
A coaching style might suit some athletes more than others depends on the relationship between coach and athlete.
Definition of transfer
The influence of learning of one skill on the learning of another skill
Can transfer of skills be positive and negative
YES
Positive transfer- Learning of another skills assists with the learning of another
Negative transfer- Learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
What are the 6 types of transfer
Skill to Skill, Practice to Performance, Abilities to skill, Bilateral, Stage to Stage and Principles to Skills
Skill to skill with positive and negative example
Learning one skill and being able to transfer it to another skill
Positive- Racket sport being able to transfer hand eye coordination
Negative- Bent elbow in front crawl but straight arm bowling in cricket
Practice to performance with positive and negative examples
Transferring skills learnt in practice into performance
Positive- A football player practicing shooting in isolation and and under pressure which can be transferred into performance
Negatives- Player practicing penalties without replicating pressure in a competitive situation
Abilities to skill with positive and negatives
An athlete uses there own skills to perform a skill (gymnast balancing on beam)
Positive- Gymnasts require balance in a range of skills to do them effectively
Negatives- Some sprinters have to larger a muscle mass which hinders there ability as they are to heavy
Bilateral with positive and negative
When the learning of a skill is transferred from one limb to another
Positive- A football player can transfer knowledge of passing with one foot to passing on the other foot
Negative- Golf is a unilateral sport meaning skills cant be transferred from one side limb to another as it would hinder performance
Stage to Stage with positive and negatives
Skills learned in the cognitive phase being transferred to be further developed in the associative phase
Positive- A football player with practice can transfer a skill from the cognitive stage to the associative stage
Negative- Performance can be hindered in the autonomous phase if to much new info is provided to the athlete about how to use the skill
Principle to skills with positives and negatives
Concepts from one sport can be transferred to another
Positive- A defender in football can transfer there defensive skills into hockey if they are given a principle of defensive plays
Negatives- A coach may not have provided enough examples so the attacker lacks variety of ways to perform a skill which can hinder success in a game
The 3 types of teaching styles
Command, Reciprocal and Problem solving
Command teaching style
The coach has full control. The performer doesn’t have a say in a training session. This is useful for beginners or if the skill in the session could be dangerous.
Negative is that it doesn’t allow the athlete to be independent and figure stuff out for themselves.
Reciprocal teaching style
Skill being developed is decided by the coach however he allows the athlete to collaborate and offer there own opinions on how to perform the skill
This helps the performer confidence, leadership skills and intrinsic feedback
Problem solving teaching style
The coach and athlete work together which encourages the athlete to be creative which develops there decison making, leadership and learning how to structure the learning of a skill
This training technique shouldn’t be used is theres a time restraint for learning the skill and is only for more advanced athletes
What are the 5 types of practice
Distributed, Massed, Fixed, Variable and Mental
Distributed practice
Intervals planned throughout the training session to allow for rest, feedback and mental rehearsal
Massed practice
Continuous practice with no rest
Fixed practice
Repeatedly practicing a skill to allow for skill development
Variable practice
The environment is ever changing and practice has a variety of contexts which simulate match play
Mental Practice
Preparation for a skill without performing it
What are the different methods of presenting practice
Whole
Whole-Part-Whole
Progressive part
Part
Whole
The whole skill is performed and the development takes place within the skill (advanced performers who need to practice skills in matches
Whole-Part-Whole
The whole skill is presented to the athlete who attempts the skill. The coach then highlights issues and breaks down the skill to develop it and then return to the whole skill (eg golf swing)
Progressive part
The skill is broken down into parts and are learned and gradually progress to form more complex parts (eg gymnast practicing parts of a routine)
Part
Skill is broken down into parts and learned in isolation forming subroutines which can be used later on ( breathing, kicking, arm action in swimming)
