Topic 1/2-cell Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Organisms can be
A
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
2
Q
All living things are made of
A
Cells
3
Q
Prokaryotic?
A
Small and simpler
4
Q
Which is bacteria cell
A
Eukaryotic
5
Q
Animal cells have.?5
A
Nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane mitochondria ribosomes
6
Q
Nucleus?
A
Genetic info that controls activity of cell
7
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Gel like substance where most chemical reactions happen and contains enzymes
8
Q
Cell membrane
A
Hold cell together and controls what goes in n out
9
Q
Mitochondria
A
Most aerobic respiration take place
10
Q
Respiration
A
Transfers energy to cells need to work
11
Q
Ribosomes
A
Where proteins made
12
Q
Plant cells have 3 more
A
Cell wall permanent vacuole chloroplast
13
Q
Cell wall
A
Support strengthens cell
14
Q
Vacuole
A
Cell sap
15
Q
Chloroplast
A
Where photosynthesis happens
16
Q
Bacteria cells have
A
Cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm
17
Q
Light microscope use
A
Light and lenses
18
Q
Light microscope They let us see
A
Individual cells
19
Q
Electron microscope
A
Use electrons
20
Q
Electron microscope They have
A
A higher magnification
21
Q
Electron microscope And a higher
A
Resolution
22
Q
Electron microscop let us see
A
Smaller things like ribosomes
23
Q
Magnification =
A
Image size
Divide
Real size
24
Q
Cells differentiate to become
A
Specialised
25
Differentiation is
When a cell changes to become specialised for its job
26
Sperm are specialised for
Reproduction
27
How are sperm specialised for reproduction
Long tail and streamlines head
28
Nerve cells are specialised for
Rapid signalling
29
Muscle cells are specialised for
Contractions
30
Root hair cells are specialised for
Water and minerals
31
Chromosomes contain
Genetic info
32
Chromosomes are coiled up lengths of
Dan molecules
33
How many chromosome do a human have
23 pairs
34
The cell, cycle make new calls for
Growth development and repair
35
What is it called when a cell divides
Mitosis
36
What happens during mitosis- 6 steps
```
1- Dna spreads on long strips
2-sub cellular structures increase
3- Dan duplicates
4- chromosomes line up
5- membranes form around chromosomes
6-cytoplasm and cell membranes divide
```
37
Prokaryotic replicate by
Binary fission
38
Embryonic stem cells can turn into
ANY type of cell
39
Undifferentiated cells are called
Stem cells
40
Stem cells can be used to cure
Diabetes nerve cells
41
Adult stem cells are found in
Bone marrow
42
Why are some people against stem cell research
Because every cell is a potential human life
43
What can stem calls do with plants
Produce identical plants
44
In plants stem cells are found in
Meristems
45
Diffusion is
Spreading out of particles from high concentration to low
46
Diffusion occurs in
Solutions and gasses
47
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to low
48
What is a partially permeable member an
A membrane with holes in it
49
What is active transport
Substances absorbed against a concentration gradient from a lower to higher
50
An example of active transport
Root hair cells
51
We need active transport to
Stop us from starving
52
What is the order of cells tissue, organs organ system
Cells > tissues > organs> organ system
53
Stomach -
Pummels food with muscular walls produces protease and hydrochloride acid which kills bacteria
54
What is the job of the Pancreas
To release enzymes into the small intestine
55
The liver
Produces bile
56
Small intestine absorbs
Soluble food molecules
57
Large intestine absorbs
Water from undirected foods leaving poo
58
Enzymes are
Catalyst that speed up rate of reaction
59
Enzymes are large
Proteins
60
What fits into a enzymes
Substrate
61
Why can't you heat a enzyme
It will denature the enzyme
62
Enzymes optimism ph is
7
63
Rate =
1000 divide time
64
Digestive enzymes break down
Big molecules
65
Big molecules are
Starch protein fats
66
Big molecules need to be smaller so they can
Pass easily through the walls of the digestive system and absorbed into blood stream
67
Amylase breKs down
Starch
68
Amylase found in
Salivary gland pancreas small intestine
69
Pro teases break down protein into
Amino acids
70
Lipases converts fats into
Fatty acids
71
Bile neutrilises
Stomach acid s and emulsified fats
72
Bile-Produces in? stored in ?released in?
Liver stored in gall bladder released in small intestine
73
Circulatory system carries
Food and oxygen into blood
74
Circulatory system is made up of
Heart blood vessels blood
75
Right ventricle pumps
Deoxygenated blood
76
Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood To the
Lungs
77
From the lungs the blood returns to
The heart
78
The left ventricle pumps
Oxygenated blood around the body
79
The heart is a
Pumping organ
80
The heart isMade of
Muscle tissue
81
What are valves
Used to make sure blood is flowing in one direction
82
The heart uses __ chambers
4
83
What are the 4 heart chambers
Right and left atrium and ventricle
84
Blood flows into the ___ from the ______ and the ________ ______
Atria vena cava pulmonary vein
85
What is a pace maker
What you heart rate is controlled by in the right atrium
86
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
87
Capillaries
Exchange of materials at the tissues
88
Veins
Carry blood to heart
89
Arteries carry blood under
Pressure
90
Artery walls are
Elastic and strong
91
The walls of arteries are made of
Muscle tissue
92
Caplilaries are really
Small
93
Capillaries have a ___ wall and a very ____ lumen
Thin small
94
Arteries branch into
Capellaries
95
Capillaries have _________ walls so substances can ______ in and out
Thin
| Diffuse
96
Capillaries join up to make
Veins
97
Rate of blood flow=
Volume of blood
Divide
Number of minutes
98
Rate of reaction=
1000
------
Time
99
Rate of reaction=
1000
------
Time
100
Carb and protein enzymes are made in
Salivary gland pancreas and small intestine
101
Carbs go into
Simple sugars
102
Proteins convert into
Amino acids
103
Lipids convert into
Fatty acids
104
What converts carbs
Amylase
105
What converts proteins
Protease
106
What converts lipids
Lipase
107
Breathing rate=
Number of breaths
---------------------
Number of minutes
108
Red blood cells ...
Cary oxygen
109
What is the shape of red calls and why is it like thsi
Biconcave it has a large surface area to absorb oxygen
110
Why don't red cells have a ____
Nucleus
| So there's more space to carry oxygen
111
What is the pigament In red cells
Haemoglobin
112
White blood cells ___]
Defend infection
113
What can white calls do and why do they do it and what is the process called
Change shape so they can digest the microorganisms the process is called phagocytosis
114
White blood cells produce _____ to fight
Antibodies
| Microorganisms
115
White calls do have a
Nucleus
116
Platelets help
Blood clot
117
What are platelets made of and do they have a nucleus
Small fragments of cells
| No don't have nucleus
118
Why do platelets do what they're specialised for
To stop the blood getting out and stop microorganism from getting in
119
Plasma is
The liquid that carries everything in the blood
120
What is the liquid in plasma like
It's pale straw coloured
121
What does plasma carry nutrients like glucose and amino acids carbon dioxide hormones and proteins
Platelets,red,white cells nutrients like glucose and amino acids carbon dioxide hormones and proteins
122
Coronary heart disease is when
The coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart get blocked by fatty substances this causes the arteries to become narrow so there's a lack of oxygen going to the heart thus can result in a heart attack.
123
Stents are
Tubes that are inserted inside arteries they keep them open so that blood can flow through
124
Stents are way of
Lowering the risk of heart attack in people with coronary heart
125
What is the disadvantage of stents
You can get infection from surgery
126
What is the advantage of stents
Fast recovery from surgery
127
Statins reduce
Cholesterol in the blood
128
Statins are _______ that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the blood stream
Drugs
| bad cholesterol present in the blood stream
129
Advantages of statins
They can reduce risk of strokes heart disease and heart attack and decrease amount of cholesterol
130
Disadvantages of statins
Headaches kidney failure liver damage memory loss
131
An artificial heart can
Pump blood around the body
132
If patients have heart failure doctors may perform
Heart transplant
133
Artificial hearts are
Mechanical devices that pump blood for a person who's heart has failed
134
Artificial hearts are usually __________ they are used to keep a person alive until
Temporary
| Donor heart
135
Advantage of artificial heart and disadvantage
Advantage - won't be rejected by immune system
| Disadvantage- can lead to infection from surgery as lot of bleeding .
136
Faulty heart valves can be replaced with
Biological or mechanical
137
Valves can be damaged by
Heart attacks
Infection
Old age
138
The damage of valves can lead to
Leak allow blood to flow in both direction
| It might stiffen
139
Disadvantage of valves
Blood clots
140
Replacement valves can be taken from
Animals or humans
141
Artificial blood is a
Blood substitute
142
Eg of artificial blood is
Salt solution
143
Why is it called a double circularity system
The blood pumps to the heart into the lungs then into the heart and into the body
It's two circuits joined together
144
The heart pumps blood at _________ so the walls of arteries are
High pressure
| Strong elastic
145
Arteries branch into
Capillaries
146
Capillaries have ____ walls so substances can
Permeable
| Diffuse in and out
147
Capillaries supply
Food and oxygen
148
Veins have
Valves
149
Order of veins arteries capillaries
Arteries capillaries veins
150
What are the causes of coronary disease
Smoking
Not healthy
Too much cholesterol
151
Cancer is caused by
Uncontrolled cell growth and division
152
Describe Benign tumour
Where the rumour only stays in one place within a membrane rather than invading other tissues in the body it's not cancerous
153
Describe malignant tumour
Where it grows and spreads to neighbouring tissues cells can break off into the blood which spreads it to other organs and forms secendory tumours they can be dangerous and fatal
154
What is it called when a tumour spreads
Secondary tumour
155
What is epidermal tissue plant
Cover whole plant
156
Palisade mesophyll tissue
Where photosynthesis occurs in leaf
157
Spongy tissue
Air spaces to allow gasses to infuse in and out
158
Xylem and phloem
Help transport water mineral ions and food around plant
159
Meristem tissue
Allows plant to grow
160
Leaves contain
Epidermal mesophyll xylem and phloem
161
Epidermal tissues covered in ______ to help
Waxy cuticle
| Reduce water loss
162
The upper epidermis is
Transparent so that light can pass through the palisade layer
163
The palisade layer has lots of
Chloroplasts
164
How is the tissue of leaves adapted to gas exchange
Lower epidermis is full off little holes called stomata which let co2 into the leaf
165
The opening of the stomata is controlled by
Guard cells
166
Phloem tubes can
Transport food
167
Xylem tube take
Water up
168
What are xylem tubes made of
Dead cells
169
Where does xylem tubes take water to
Roots stem leaves
170
Transpiration is the
Loss of water form the plant
171
Order of tissues in plant
Epidermal
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Epidermal
172
The thorax is the
Top part of your body
173
The thorax is separated from the
Lower part of the body by diaphragm
174
What are Lungs sorrounded by
Plueral membranes
175
The air we breathe in goes
Through the trachea
| Then splits into two tubes called bronchi
176
Alveoli carry out
Gas exchange in the body
177
The lung contains air sac called
Alveoli
178
_________+oxygen ---- __________-_______ + ______
Glucose
Carbon dioxide
Water
179
What is translocation
The transportation of food made in leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate us or storage
180
Transpiration is caused by
Evaporation and diffusion
181
Evaporation in plants creates ______etc
| Which means__________
Slight shortage of water and so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through xylem vessels
More water is drawn up from the roots so there's a constant transpiration stream
182
Transpiration is a
Side effect of how the leaves are adapted for photosynthesis
183
The water escapes from the leaf through
The stomata by diffusion
184
Transpiration rate is affected by four main things__
Light intensity
Temp
Air flow.
Humidity
185
You can estimate the rate of transpiration by
Measuring the uptake of water by a plant because you can assume that water intake is directly related to water loss by the leaves
186
Practical- how to measure rate of transpiration
Set up the apparatus and then record the starting position of the air bubble
Start a stop watch and record he distance moves by the bubble per unit of time keep conditions constant
187
Guard cells are adapted to
Open and close
188
Guard calls properties
Kidney shape
When the plant has lots of water they go plump which makes it close when they don't have a lot they become flaccid and open
Sensitive to light close at night
189
The stomata is located on
Underside of leaves the lower the surface the Shaded and cooler it is
190
Gourd cells are also adapted for gas_________
Exchange and controlling water loss
191
What is a tissue
A group of cells
192
What is meant by organ system
A group of organs working together to perform a particular function
193
Why can enzymes be described as biological catalysts
Because they speed the reactions that are wanted
194
Why do enzymes usually only react to one reaction
Because each enzyme has a different substrate which fits into it for a particular job
195
What does it mean for an enzyme to be denatures
When the enzyme loses its shape and substrate can't fit into it anymore
196
How can you investigate the effect of Ph on the rate of amylase activity
You can make the temp higher and see if it works quicker and figure out the optimism ph
197
Three places amylase is made in
Salivary gland
Pancreas
Small intestine
198
What is the role of lipase
To convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
199
Where is bile stored
Gall bladder
200
Name the solution you use to test for the presence of lipids
Sudan III solution
201
Tubes that split of the trachea
Bronchi
202
Explain the role of alveoli in gas exchange
Oxygen diffuse out of it
Carbon dioxide diffuses into it
To be breathed out
203
Why is the circulatory system described as double circulatory system
Because the blood goes into the heart the out to the lungs back into the heart to the body
2 circuits
204
Why does heart have valves
So blood doesn't flow backwards
205
Four chambers of heart
Right/left atrium
| Right/left ventricle
206
How is the resting heart rate controlled in a healthy heart
By the pace maker
207
How are arteries adapted to carry blood away from the heart
Thick layers of muscle lumens small
208
Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus
So they can carry more oxygen
209
Two ad and two disadvantage of statins
Adv- reduce risks of strokes , reduce cholesterol
Disadvantage- kidney failure , liver damage
210
What is the difference between biological and machanical replacement heart valves
Biological-from humans /animal
| Mechanical- man made
211
What is a risk factor of a disease
They are increasing your chance of getting a disease
212
Which type of tumour is cancerous
Malignant
213
List tissues that make up a leaf
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower and upper epidermal
214
How is the upper epidermal tissue in a leaf related to its function
It's transparent of light can pass through to its palisade layers
215
How can you measure rate of transpiration
Measure the amount of the water intake from the plant and the water transpiration
216
Micrometer
1 X 10 -6
217
Human cell measurement
10-20 micrometer
218
Nanometter is
1 X 10-9
219
One order of magnitude means
10x
220
Cytoplasm is
Watery solution where chemicals take place
221
Mitochondria is where
Aerobic respiration takes place
222
Ribosome is the
Site of protein synthesis
223
Chloroplasts contain
Chlorophyll
224
Chloroplast are sight of
Photosynthesis
225
Cell wall is made from ...... Which ......
Cellulose which strengthens cell
226
Vacuole helps
Plant cell keep its shape
227
What does a plant cell have that a animal doesn't
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
228
Electron microscope have a _________ than light microscope
Much higher magnification and resolution
229
Magnification=
Size of image
---------------
Size of real object
230
Bacteria cell division
Is binary fission
231
Bacteria can carry out binary fission every
20mins
232
Number of bacteria =
2 to the power of the number of round of division
233
3 factors which affects diffusion rate
Great concentration gradient greater diffusion rate
Higher the temp higher the diffusion rate
Larger surface area greater rate of diffusion
234
Diffusion is the
Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration
235
Percentage change =
Change in value
----------------- X 100
Original value
236
Active transport requires
Energy from respiration
237
Active transport is the
movement of particles from a lower concentration to a higher concentration
238
Order in which blood travels
Vena cava- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary vein- left ventricle - aorta- body
