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triple sciene > Topic 1/2-cell Biology > Flashcards

Topic 1/2-cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms can be

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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2
Q

All living things are made of

A

Cells

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3
Q

Prokaryotic?

A

Small and simpler

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4
Q

Which is bacteria cell

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

Animal cells have.?5

A

Nucleus cytoplasm cell membrane mitochondria ribosomes

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6
Q

Nucleus?

A

Genetic info that controls activity of cell

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel like substance where most chemical reactions happen and contains enzymes

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8
Q

Cell membrane

A

Hold cell together and controls what goes in n out

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

Most aerobic respiration take place

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10
Q

Respiration

A

Transfers energy to cells need to work

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins made

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12
Q

Plant cells have 3 more

A

Cell wall permanent vacuole chloroplast

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13
Q

Cell wall

A

Support strengthens cell

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14
Q

Vacuole

A

Cell sap

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15
Q

Chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis happens

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16
Q

Bacteria cells have

A

Cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm

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17
Q

Light microscope use

A

Light and lenses

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18
Q

Light microscope They let us see

A

Individual cells

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19
Q

Electron microscope

A

Use electrons

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20
Q

Electron microscope They have

A

A higher magnification

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21
Q

Electron microscope And a higher

A

Resolution

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22
Q

Electron microscop let us see

A

Smaller things like ribosomes

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23
Q

Magnification =

A

Image size
Divide
Real size

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24
Q

Cells differentiate to become

A

Specialised

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25
Q

Differentiation is

A

When a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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26
Q

Sperm are specialised for

A

Reproduction

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27
Q

How are sperm specialised for reproduction

A

Long tail and streamlines head

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28
Q

Nerve cells are specialised for

A

Rapid signalling

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29
Q

Muscle cells are specialised for

A

Contractions

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30
Q

Root hair cells are specialised for

A

Water and minerals

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31
Q

Chromosomes contain

A

Genetic info

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32
Q

Chromosomes are coiled up lengths of

A

Dan molecules

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33
Q

How many chromosome do a human have

A

23 pairs

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34
Q

The cell, cycle make new calls for

A

Growth development and repair

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35
Q

What is it called when a cell divides

A

Mitosis

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36
Q

What happens during mitosis- 6 steps

A 
1- Dna spreads on long strips 
2-sub cellular structures increase 
3- Dan duplicates 
4- chromosomes line up
5- membranes form around chromosomes 
6-cytoplasm and cell membranes divide
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37
Q

Prokaryotic replicate by

A

Binary fission

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38
Q

Embryonic stem cells can turn into

A

ANY type of cell

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39
Q

Undifferentiated cells are called

A

Stem cells

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40
Q

Stem cells can be used to cure

A

Diabetes nerve cells

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41
Q

Adult stem cells are found in

A

Bone marrow

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42
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research

A

Because every cell is a potential human life

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43
Q

What can stem calls do with plants

A

Produce identical plants

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44
Q

In plants stem cells are found in

A

Meristems

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45
Q

Diffusion is

A

Spreading out of particles from high concentration to low

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46
Q

Diffusion occurs in

A

Solutions and gasses

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47
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to low

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48
Q

What is a partially permeable member an

A

A membrane with holes in it

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49
Q

What is active transport

A

Substances absorbed against a concentration gradient from a lower to higher

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50
Q

An example of active transport

A

Root hair cells

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51
Q

We need active transport to

A

Stop us from starving

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52
Q

What is the order of cells tissue, organs organ system

A

Cells > tissues > organs> organ system

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53
Q

Stomach -

A

Pummels food with muscular walls produces protease and hydrochloride acid which kills bacteria

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54
Q

What is the job of the Pancreas

A

To release enzymes into the small intestine

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55
Q

The liver

A

Produces bile

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56
Q

Small intestine absorbs

A

Soluble food molecules

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57
Q

Large intestine absorbs

A

Water from undirected foods leaving poo

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58
Q

Enzymes are

A

Catalyst that speed up rate of reaction

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59
Q

Enzymes are large

A

Proteins

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60
Q

What fits into a enzymes

A

Substrate

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61
Q

Why can’t you heat a enzyme

A

It will denature the enzyme

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62
Q

Enzymes optimism ph is

A

7

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63
Q

Rate =

A

1000 divide time

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64
Q

Digestive enzymes break down

A

Big molecules

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65
Q

Big molecules are

A

Starch protein fats

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66
Q

Big molecules need to be smaller so they can

A

Pass easily through the walls of the digestive system and absorbed into blood stream

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67
Q

Amylase breKs down

A

Starch

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68
Q

Amylase found in

A

Salivary gland pancreas small intestine

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69
Q

Pro teases break down protein into

A

Amino acids

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70
Q

Lipases converts fats into

A

Fatty acids

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71
Q

Bile neutrilises

A

Stomach acid s and emulsified fats

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72
Q

Bile-Produces in? stored in ?released in?

A

Liver stored in gall bladder released in small intestine

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73
Q

Circulatory system carries

A

Food and oxygen into blood

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74
Q

Circulatory system is made up of

A

Heart blood vessels blood

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75
Q

Right ventricle pumps

A

Deoxygenated blood

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76
Q

Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood To the

A

Lungs

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77
Q

From the lungs the blood returns to

A

The heart

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78
Q

The left ventricle pumps

A

Oxygenated blood around the body

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79
Q

The heart is a

A

Pumping organ

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80
Q

The heart isMade of

A

Muscle tissue

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81
Q

What are valves

A

Used to make sure blood is flowing in one direction

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82
Q

The heart uses __ chambers

A

4

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83
Q

What are the 4 heart chambers

A

Right and left atrium and ventricle

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84
Q

Blood flows into the ___ from the ______ and the ________ ______

A

Atria vena cava pulmonary vein

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85
Q

What is a pace maker

A

What you heart rate is controlled by in the right atrium

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86
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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87
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchange of materials at the tissues

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88
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to heart

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89
Q

Arteries carry blood under

A

Pressure

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90
Q

Artery walls are

A

Elastic and strong

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91
Q

The walls of arteries are made of

A

Muscle tissue

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92
Q

Caplilaries are really

A

Small

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93
Q

Capillaries have a ___ wall and a very ____ lumen

A

Thin small

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94
Q

Arteries branch into

A

Capellaries

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95
Q

Capillaries have _________ walls so substances can ______ in and out

A

Thin

Diffuse

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96
Q

Capillaries join up to make

A

Veins

97
Q

Rate of blood flow=

A

Volume of blood
Divide
Number of minutes

98
Q

Rate of reaction=

A

Time

99
Q

Rate of reaction=

A

Time

100
Q

Carb and protein enzymes are made in

A

Salivary gland pancreas and small intestine

101
Q

Carbs go into

A

Simple sugars

102
Q

Proteins convert into

A

Amino acids

103
Q

Lipids convert into

A

Fatty acids

104
Q

What converts carbs

A

Amylase

105
Q

What converts proteins

A

Protease

106
Q

What converts lipids

A

Lipase

107
Q

Breathing rate=

A

Number of minutes

108
Q

Red blood cells …

A

Cary oxygen

109
Q

What is the shape of red calls and why is it like thsi

A

Biconcave it has a large surface area to absorb oxygen

110
Q

Why don’t red cells have a ____

A

Nucleus

So there’s more space to carry oxygen

111
Q

What is the pigament In red cells

A

Haemoglobin

112
Q

White blood cells ___]

A

Defend infection

113
Q

What can white calls do and why do they do it and what is the process called

A

Change shape so they can digest the microorganisms the process is called phagocytosis

114
Q

White blood cells produce _____ to fight

A

Antibodies

Microorganisms

115
Q

White calls do have a

A

Nucleus

116
Q

Platelets help

A

Blood clot

117
Q

What are platelets made of and do they have a nucleus

A

Small fragments of cells

No don’t have nucleus

118
Q

Why do platelets do what they’re specialised for

A

To stop the blood getting out and stop microorganism from getting in

119
Q

Plasma is

A

The liquid that carries everything in the blood

120
Q

What is the liquid in plasma like

A

It’s pale straw coloured

121
Q

What does plasma carry nutrients like glucose and amino acids carbon dioxide hormones and proteins

A

Platelets,red,white cells nutrients like glucose and amino acids carbon dioxide hormones and proteins

122
Q

Coronary heart disease is when

A

The coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart get blocked by fatty substances this causes the arteries to become narrow so there’s a lack of oxygen going to the heart thus can result in a heart attack.

123
Q

Stents are

A

Tubes that are inserted inside arteries they keep them open so that blood can flow through

124
Q

Stents are way of

A

Lowering the risk of heart attack in people with coronary heart

125
Q

What is the disadvantage of stents

A

You can get infection from surgery

126
Q

What is the advantage of stents

A

Fast recovery from surgery

127
Q

Statins reduce

A

Cholesterol in the blood

128
Q

Statins are _______ that can reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the blood stream

A

Drugs

bad cholesterol present in the blood stream

129
Q

Advantages of statins

A

They can reduce risk of strokes heart disease and heart attack and decrease amount of cholesterol

130
Q

Disadvantages of statins

A

Headaches kidney failure liver damage memory loss

131
Q

An artificial heart can

A

Pump blood around the body

132
Q

If patients have heart failure doctors may perform

A

Heart transplant

133
Q

Artificial hearts are

A

Mechanical devices that pump blood for a person who’s heart has failed

134
Q

Artificial hearts are usually __________ they are used to keep a person alive until

A

Temporary

Donor heart

135
Q

Advantage of artificial heart and disadvantage

A

Advantage - won’t be rejected by immune system

Disadvantage- can lead to infection from surgery as lot of bleeding .

136
Q

Faulty heart valves can be replaced with

A

Biological or mechanical

137
Q

Valves can be damaged by

A

Heart attacks
Infection
Old age

138
Q

The damage of valves can lead to

A

Leak allow blood to flow in both direction

It might stiffen

139
Q

Disadvantage of valves

A

Blood clots

140
Q

Replacement valves can be taken from

A

Animals or humans

141
Q

Artificial blood is a

A

Blood substitute

142
Q

Eg of artificial blood is

A

Salt solution

143
Q

Why is it called a double circularity system

A

The blood pumps to the heart into the lungs then into the heart and into the body
It’s two circuits joined together

144
Q

The heart pumps blood at _________ so the walls of arteries are

A

High pressure

Strong elastic

145
Q

Arteries branch into

A

Capillaries

146
Q

Capillaries have ____ walls so substances can

A

Permeable

Diffuse in and out

147
Q

Capillaries supply

A

Food and oxygen

148
Q

Veins have

A

Valves

149
Q

Order of veins arteries capillaries

A

Arteries capillaries veins

150
Q

What are the causes of coronary disease

A

Smoking
Not healthy
Too much cholesterol

151
Q

Cancer is caused by

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

152
Q

Describe Benign tumour

A

Where the rumour only stays in one place within a membrane rather than invading other tissues in the body it’s not cancerous

153
Q

Describe malignant tumour

A

Where it grows and spreads to neighbouring tissues cells can break off into the blood which spreads it to other organs and forms secendory tumours they can be dangerous and fatal

154
Q

What is it called when a tumour spreads

A

Secondary tumour

155
Q

What is epidermal tissue plant

A

Cover whole plant

156
Q

Palisade mesophyll tissue

A

Where photosynthesis occurs in leaf

157
Q

Spongy tissue

A

Air spaces to allow gasses to infuse in and out

158
Q

Xylem and phloem

A

Help transport water mineral ions and food around plant

159
Q

Meristem tissue

A

Allows plant to grow

160
Q

Leaves contain

A

Epidermal mesophyll xylem and phloem

161
Q

Epidermal tissues covered in ______ to help

A

Waxy cuticle

Reduce water loss

162
Q

The upper epidermis is

A

Transparent so that light can pass through the palisade layer

163
Q

The palisade layer has lots of

A

Chloroplasts

164
Q

How is the tissue of leaves adapted to gas exchange

A

Lower epidermis is full off little holes called stomata which let co2 into the leaf

165
Q

The opening of the stomata is controlled by

A

Guard cells

166
Q

Phloem tubes can

A

Transport food

167
Q

Xylem tube take

A

Water up

168
Q

What are xylem tubes made of

A

Dead cells

169
Q

Where does xylem tubes take water to

A

Roots stem leaves

170
Q

Transpiration is the

A

Loss of water form the plant

171
Q

Order of tissues in plant

A

Epidermal
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Epidermal

172
Q

The thorax is the

A

Top part of your body

173
Q

The thorax is separated from the

A

Lower part of the body by diaphragm

174
Q

What are Lungs sorrounded by

A

Plueral membranes

175
Q

The air we breathe in goes

A

Through the trachea

Then splits into two tubes called bronchi

176
Q

Alveoli carry out

A

Gas exchange in the body

177
Q

The lung contains air sac called

A

Alveoli

178
Q

_________+oxygen —- __________-_______ + ______

A

Glucose
Carbon dioxide
Water

179
Q

What is translocation

A

The transportation of food made in leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate us or storage

180
Q

Transpiration is caused by

A

Evaporation and diffusion

181
Q

Evaporation in plants creates ______etc

Which means__________

A

Slight shortage of water and so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through xylem vessels

More water is drawn up from the roots so there’s a constant transpiration stream

182
Q

Transpiration is a

A

Side effect of how the leaves are adapted for photosynthesis

183
Q

The water escapes from the leaf through

A

The stomata by diffusion

184
Q

Transpiration rate is affected by four main things__

A

Light intensity
Temp
Air flow.
Humidity

185
Q

You can estimate the rate of transpiration by

A

Measuring the uptake of water by a plant because you can assume that water intake is directly related to water loss by the leaves

186
Q

Practical- how to measure rate of transpiration

A

Set up the apparatus and then record the starting position of the air bubble
Start a stop watch and record he distance moves by the bubble per unit of time keep conditions constant

187
Q

Guard cells are adapted to

A

Open and close

188
Q

Guard calls properties

A

Kidney shape
When the plant has lots of water they go plump which makes it close when they don’t have a lot they become flaccid and open
Sensitive to light close at night

189
Q

The stomata is located on

A

Underside of leaves the lower the surface the Shaded and cooler it is

190
Q

Gourd cells are also adapted for gas_________

A

Exchange and controlling water loss

191
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of cells

192
Q

What is meant by organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

193
Q

Why can enzymes be described as biological catalysts

A

Because they speed the reactions that are wanted

194
Q

Why do enzymes usually only react to one reaction

A

Because each enzyme has a different substrate which fits into it for a particular job

195
Q

What does it mean for an enzyme to be denatures

A

When the enzyme loses its shape and substrate can’t fit into it anymore

196
Q

How can you investigate the effect of Ph on the rate of amylase activity

A

You can make the temp higher and see if it works quicker and figure out the optimism ph

197
Q

Three places amylase is made in

A

Salivary gland
Pancreas
Small intestine

198
Q

What is the role of lipase

A

To convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

199
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gall bladder

200
Q

Name the solution you use to test for the presence of lipids

A

Sudan III solution

201
Q

Tubes that split of the trachea

A

Bronchi

202
Q

Explain the role of alveoli in gas exchange

A

Oxygen diffuse out of it
Carbon dioxide diffuses into it
To be breathed out

203
Q

Why is the circulatory system described as double circulatory system

A

Because the blood goes into the heart the out to the lungs back into the heart to the body
2 circuits

204
Q

Why does heart have valves

A

So blood doesn’t flow backwards

205
Q

Four chambers of heart

A

Right/left atrium

Right/left ventricle

206
Q

How is the resting heart rate controlled in a healthy heart

A

By the pace maker

207
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry blood away from the heart

A

Thick layers of muscle lumens small

208
Q

Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus

A

So they can carry more oxygen

209
Q

Two ad and two disadvantage of statins

A

Adv- reduce risks of strokes , reduce cholesterol

Disadvantage- kidney failure , liver damage

210
Q

What is the difference between biological and machanical replacement heart valves

A

Biological-from humans /animal

Mechanical- man made

211
Q

What is a risk factor of a disease

A

They are increasing your chance of getting a disease

212
Q

Which type of tumour is cancerous

A

Malignant

213
Q

List tissues that make up a leaf

A

Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Lower and upper epidermal

214
Q

How is the upper epidermal tissue in a leaf related to its function

A

It’s transparent of light can pass through to its palisade layers

215
Q

How can you measure rate of transpiration

A

Measure the amount of the water intake from the plant and the water transpiration

216
Q

Micrometer

A

1 X 10 -6

217
Q

Human cell measurement

A

10-20 micrometer

218
Q

Nanometter is

A

1 X 10-9

219
Q

One order of magnitude means

A

10x

220
Q

Cytoplasm is

A

Watery solution where chemicals take place

221
Q

Mitochondria is where

A

Aerobic respiration takes place

222
Q

Ribosome is the

A

Site of protein synthesis

223
Q

Chloroplasts contain

A

Chlorophyll

224
Q

Chloroplast are sight of

A

Photosynthesis

225
Q

Cell wall is made from …… Which ……

A

Cellulose which strengthens cell

226
Q

Vacuole helps

A

Plant cell keep its shape

227
Q

What does a plant cell have that a animal doesn’t

A

Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast

228
Q

Electron microscope have a _________ than light microscope

A

Much higher magnification and resolution

229
Q

Magnification=

A

Size of real object

230
Q

Bacteria cell division

A

Is binary fission

231
Q

Bacteria can carry out binary fission every

A

20mins

232
Q

Number of bacteria =

A

2 to the power of the number of round of division

233
Q

3 factors which affects diffusion rate

A

Great concentration gradient greater diffusion rate
Higher the temp higher the diffusion rate
Larger surface area greater rate of diffusion

234
Q

Diffusion is the

A

Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

235
Q

Percentage change =

A

Change in value
—————– X 100
Original value

236
Q

Active transport requires

A

Energy from respiration

237
Q

Active transport is the

A

movement of particles from a lower concentration to a higher concentration

238
Q

Order in which blood travels

A

Vena cava- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs- pulmonary vein- left ventricle - aorta- body

triple sciene (15 decks)

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