Biology Topic 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Pathogens are
A
Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
2
Q
Pathogens cause
A
Communicable diseases
3
Q
What can be infected by pathogens
A
Animals and plants
4
Q
Bacteria are
A
Small cells which rapidly reproduce in the body
5
Q
How can bacteria make you feel ill
A
By producing toxins that damage cells and tissue
6
Q
How small is bacteria
A
1/100 th the size of a normal body cell
7
Q
Viruses are not
A
Cells
8
Q
How small are viruses
A
1/100th size of a bacterium
9
Q
What can virus do
A
Reproduce rapidly
10
Q
Where do viruses live
A
Inside cells
11
Q
How do viruses replicate
A
They use the cells machinery to replicate themselves
12
Q
How does viruses make you feel ill
A
The cell will be filled with viruses and they will burst releasing new viruses
13
Q
Protists are
A
Single felled eukaryotes
14
Q
Some protests are called
A
Parasites
15
Q
Parisites live
A
On or inside organisms and cause them to damage
16
Q
How are Parisites transferred
A
An insect that caries the protist ( a vector)
17
Q
Fungi come in
A
Different shapes
18
Q
Hyphae can
A
Grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants causing disease
19
Q
Pathogens can spread in
A
Water
Air
Direct contact
20
Q
Measles is
A
A virus disease
21
Q
How are measles spread
A
By droplets of an infield persons sneeze or cough
22
Q
People with measles develops
A
Red skin rash and fever
23
Q
Measles can lead to
A
Brain and lung infection
24
Q
Hiv is spread by
A
Sexual contact
Exchanging bodily fluids such as blood this can happen by sharing needles
25
Hiv symptoms
Flu like
26
His can be controlled by _________ these stop
Antiretroviral drugs stop virus from replicating
27
If hiv badly damages the immune system it
Can't cope w other infections or cancer this is usually called AIDS
28
Tobacco mosaic virus
A virus that affects plants
29
Tmv causes a
Mosaic pattern on the leaves
30
The discolouration on the plant means
It can't carry photosynthesis out so well so virus affects growth
31
Rose blac spot is a
Fungus
32
RBS causes
Purple/black spots. Develop on leaves of roses they turn yellow and drop off
33
RBS spreads through
Environment in water or by wind
34
Treat RBS by
Stripping infected leafs
35
Malaria is caused by
Protists
36
Mosquitos pick up malaria when
They Feed on infected animals
37
Maladies causes
Fever which can be fatal
38
Spread of malaria can be reduced by
Stopping mosquitos from breeding
39
Salmonella is
Type of bacteria that causes food poisoning
40
Symptoms of salmonella
Fever stomach cramps vomit diarrhoea
41
How are symptoms of salmonella caused by
The toxins that bacteria produce
42
You can get salmonella by
Eating food that's been contaminated
43
Gonorrhoea is
STD
44
STDs is passed by
Having unprotected sex
45
Symptoms of std
Pain when peeing
| Yellow thick discharge from vagina or penis
46
Std was originally treated w penicillin but now
This has become trickier because strains of bacteria have become resistant to it
47
Reduce or prevent disease by
Being hygienic
Destroying vectors
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination
48
The skin acts as
A Barrier to pathogens and secrets anti microbial substances which kill pathogens
49
Hair and mucus in your nose trap
Particles that contain pathogens
50
Trachea and bronchi are lined with
Cilia ( hair like structures) which waft up the mucus up to the back of throat to be swallowed
51
The stomach produces
Hydrochloride acid which kills pathogens
52
White blood cell can ..
Engulf and digest foreign cells which is called phagocytosis
53
Producing antibodies-
Pathogens have antigens, when a white blood cell doesn't recognise it they will produce proteins called antibodies to lock into the invading cell so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. Antibodies are then rapidly produced and try to find similar bacteria, if the person is infected again the white blood cells will rapidly produce antibodies as the body is used to it
54
White blood cells that produce antibodies are called
B lymphocytes
55
Vaccination protects from
Future infections
56
When you're infected with a new pathogen
It takes your white blood cells a while to learn how to deal w it which can make you feel ill
57
Vaccinations involve
Injecting a small amount of dead pathogens these carry antigens which causes your body to produce antibodies to attack them
58
Pros of vaccination
They help control communicable diseases
| Big outbreaks of disease
59
Big outbreaks of disease are
Called epidemics - can be prevented if a large population is vaccinated this way people who aren't are less likely to catch it
60
Cons of vaccination.
Vaccines don't always work
You can sometimes have a bad reaction-seizure
61
Painkillers are
Drugs that relive pain but don't kill pathogens they help reduce symptoms
62
Antibiotics
Kill bacteria with out killing body cells
63
Different antibiotics
Kill different bacteria
64
Antibiotics can't
Kill viruses
65
Why don't antibiotics kill viruses
Because viruses reproduce using body cells which make it difficult to kill the virus w out distorting body cell
66
The use of antibiotics has
Reduced the number of deaths from communicable diseases
67
Bacteria can
Mutate
68
When bacteria mutates
It causes it to become resistant to antibiotic
69
If you have a infection some of the bacteria
Might be resistant
70
Is the bacteria is resistant and you treat infection what will happen
Only non resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce and the population of resistant bacteria will increase
71
Resistant bacteria can
Survive and reproduce
72
Resistant strains could cause
Serious infection that can't be treated with antibiotics for eg MRSA
73
What is a serious infection that can't be treated by antibiotics
MRSA
74
To slow down the rate of development of resistant strains
Doctors avoid over prescribing antibiotics and you finish the whole course
75
Plants produce
Chemicals to defend themselves again pests and pathogen
76
Aspirin is used as
A painkiller and lowers fever
77
Aspirin is developed from
A chemical in willow
78
Digitalis is used for
Heart conditions
79
Digatilis is found from
Foxgloves
80
Some drugs are extracted from
Microorganisms
81
How did Alexander Fleming know that drugs can be extracted from microorganisms
Was cells ring out some Petri dishes containing bacteria and realised that they had mould In it and the area around the mould was free of bacteria
82
What are the three main stages of drug testing
1- preclinical testing drugs are tested on human cells and tissues
2- test drugs on live animals
3- if the drug passes the test on the animal its tested on human volunteers
83
Optimum dose-
The dose that's is the most effective and have the least side effects
84
Toxicity-
How harmful it is
85
Efficacy
Whether the drug workers and produces the effect you're looking for
86
Best dosage
The concentration and how often it should be given
87
What do they look for when testing drug on animal
The efficacy toxicity and the best dosage
88
The law in Britain stated that drug should be
Tested on two different live animals
89
To test how well a drug is
Patients are put into two groups, one is given the real drug and one is given the placebo.
90
Placebo
Substance that is like a drug being tested but is ineffective
91
Why is a placebo used
So the doctor can see the actual difference
92
Placebo effect
When the patient thinks the 'treatment' is working but it's fake
93
Clinical trials are
Blind
94
Why are clinical trials blind
So the patients and doctor don't know if they're receiving the placebo or the real treatment so doctors don't subconsciously influence patients
95
What are antibodies produced by
B lymphacotes
96
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from
Lots of clones of single white blood cell
97
What’s a hybrid ima
Fused mouse b-lymphacote with tumour cell
98
Why are monoclonal antibodies useful
Because they only bind to one molecule so you can use them to target specific cells
99
How are monoclonal antibody cells used in pregnancy tests
The bit you wee on had antibodies with blue needs attached
| If you’re pregnant the hormone binds to the antibodies is
100
What hormone does pregnant women have in their urine
HCG
101
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat disease
Different cells have different body antigen on their cell surface
102
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer
Anti cancer drug can be attached to monoclonal antibodies, these are given to the patient the antibodies target specific cells. The drug kills the cancer cells
103
What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?
- bins to hormone and other chemical in blood to measure level
- tests blood samples for pathogen
- locate specific molecules on a cell or tissue
104
Monoclonal antibodies advantage
Cancer treatment only affect the affected cell no other ones, side effects lower than chemotherapy
105
Disadvantaged of monoclonal antibodies
Cause side effects such as fever and low blood pressure
| Not widely used because of this
106
What happens if plants don’t have enough minerals
Suffer defficiency symptoms
107
What does lack of nitrate cause in plants
Stunted growth
108
What are magnesium ions needed for and what happens if plants don’t have enough
Needed to make chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis. Plants without enough suffer from chlorosis and yellow leaves
109
What are insects called that affect plants
Aphids
110
Sighs of a disease in plants are
Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Abnormal growths
Discolouration
111
What can plant disease be identified by a
- looking up signs in gardening manual
- taking infected plant to lab-rotary
- using test kits
112
What are plants physical defences
Waxy cuticle provides barrier
Surrounded by cell wall
Layer of dead cells around stem
113
Chemical defence on plants
Can produce anitbacterial chemicals which kill bacteria
| Produce poison
114
Mechanical defences of plants
- Thorne and hairs
| - leaves that droop
