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triple sciene > Biology Topic 3 > Flashcards

Biology Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens are

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

Pathogens cause

A

Communicable diseases

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3
Q

What can be infected by pathogens

A

Animals and plants

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4
Q

Bacteria are

A

Small cells which rapidly reproduce in the body

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5
Q

How can bacteria make you feel ill

A

By producing toxins that damage cells and tissue

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6
Q

How small is bacteria

A

1/100 th the size of a normal body cell

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7
Q

Viruses are not

A

Cells

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8
Q

How small are viruses

A

1/100th size of a bacterium

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9
Q

What can virus do

A

Reproduce rapidly

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10
Q

Where do viruses live

A

Inside cells

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11
Q

How do viruses replicate

A

They use the cells machinery to replicate themselves

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12
Q

How does viruses make you feel ill

A

The cell will be filled with viruses and they will burst releasing new viruses

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13
Q

Protists are

A

Single felled eukaryotes

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14
Q

Some protests are called

A

Parasites

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15
Q

Parisites live

A

On or inside organisms and cause them to damage

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16
Q

How are Parisites transferred

A

An insect that caries the protist ( a vector)

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17
Q

Fungi come in

A

Different shapes

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18
Q

Hyphae can

A

Grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants causing disease

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19
Q

Pathogens can spread in

A

Water
Air
Direct contact

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20
Q

Measles is

A

A virus disease

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21
Q

How are measles spread

A

By droplets of an infield persons sneeze or cough

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22
Q

People with measles develops

A

Red skin rash and fever

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23
Q

Measles can lead to

A

Brain and lung infection

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24
Q

Hiv is spread by

A

Sexual contact

Exchanging bodily fluids such as blood this can happen by sharing needles

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25
Q

Hiv symptoms

A

Flu like

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26
Q

His can be controlled by _________ these stop

A

Antiretroviral drugs stop virus from replicating

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27
Q

If hiv badly damages the immune system it

A

Can’t cope w other infections or cancer this is usually called AIDS

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28
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus

A

A virus that affects plants

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29
Q

Tmv causes a

A

Mosaic pattern on the leaves

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30
Q

The discolouration on the plant means

A

It can’t carry photosynthesis out so well so virus affects growth

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31
Q

Rose blac spot is a

A

Fungus

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32
Q

RBS causes

A

Purple/black spots. Develop on leaves of roses they turn yellow and drop off

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33
Q

RBS spreads through

A

Environment in water or by wind

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34
Q

Treat RBS by

A

Stripping infected leafs

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35
Q

Malaria is caused by

A

Protists

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36
Q

Mosquitos pick up malaria when

A

They Feed on infected animals

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37
Q

Maladies causes

A

Fever which can be fatal

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38
Q

Spread of malaria can be reduced by

A

Stopping mosquitos from breeding

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39
Q

Salmonella is

A

Type of bacteria that causes food poisoning

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40
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Fever stomach cramps vomit diarrhoea

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41
Q

How are symptoms of salmonella caused by

A

The toxins that bacteria produce

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42
Q

You can get salmonella by

A

Eating food that’s been contaminated

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43
Q

Gonorrhoea is

A

STD

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44
Q

STDs is passed by

A

Having unprotected sex

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45
Q

Symptoms of std

A

Pain when peeing

Yellow thick discharge from vagina or penis

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46
Q

Std was originally treated w penicillin but now

A

This has become trickier because strains of bacteria have become resistant to it

47
Q

Reduce or prevent disease by

A

Being hygienic
Destroying vectors
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination

48
Q

The skin acts as

A

A Barrier to pathogens and secrets anti microbial substances which kill pathogens

49
Q

Hair and mucus in your nose trap

A

Particles that contain pathogens

50
Q

Trachea and bronchi are lined with

A

Cilia ( hair like structures) which waft up the mucus up to the back of throat to be swallowed

51
Q

The stomach produces

A

Hydrochloride acid which kills pathogens

52
Q

White blood cell can ..

A

Engulf and digest foreign cells which is called phagocytosis

53
Q

Producing antibodies-

A

Pathogens have antigens, when a white blood cell doesn’t recognise it they will produce proteins called antibodies to lock into the invading cell so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. Antibodies are then rapidly produced and try to find similar bacteria, if the person is infected again the white blood cells will rapidly produce antibodies as the body is used to it

54
Q

White blood cells that produce antibodies are called

A

B lymphocytes

55
Q

Vaccination protects from

A

Future infections

56
Q

When you’re infected with a new pathogen

A

It takes your white blood cells a while to learn how to deal w it which can make you feel ill

57
Q

Vaccinations involve

A

Injecting a small amount of dead pathogens these carry antigens which causes your body to produce antibodies to attack them

58
Q

Pros of vaccination

A

They help control communicable diseases

Big outbreaks of disease

59
Q

Big outbreaks of disease are

A

Called epidemics - can be prevented if a large population is vaccinated this way people who aren’t are less likely to catch it

60
Q

Cons of vaccination.

A

Vaccines don’t always work

You can sometimes have a bad reaction-seizure

61
Q

Painkillers are

A

Drugs that relive pain but don’t kill pathogens they help reduce symptoms

62
Q

Antibiotics

A

Kill bacteria with out killing body cells

63
Q

Different antibiotics

A

Kill different bacteria

64
Q

Antibiotics can’t

A

Kill viruses

65
Q

Why don’t antibiotics kill viruses

A

Because viruses reproduce using body cells which make it difficult to kill the virus w out distorting body cell

66
Q

The use of antibiotics has

A

Reduced the number of deaths from communicable diseases

67
Q

Bacteria can

A

Mutate

68
Q

When bacteria mutates

A

It causes it to become resistant to antibiotic

69
Q

If you have a infection some of the bacteria

A

Might be resistant

70
Q

Is the bacteria is resistant and you treat infection what will happen

A

Only non resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce and the population of resistant bacteria will increase

71
Q

Resistant bacteria can

A

Survive and reproduce

72
Q

Resistant strains could cause

A

Serious infection that can’t be treated with antibiotics for eg MRSA

73
Q

What is a serious infection that can’t be treated by antibiotics

A

MRSA

74
Q

To slow down the rate of development of resistant strains

A

Doctors avoid over prescribing antibiotics and you finish the whole course

75
Q

Plants produce

A

Chemicals to defend themselves again pests and pathogen

76
Q

Aspirin is used as

A

A painkiller and lowers fever

77
Q

Aspirin is developed from

A

A chemical in willow

78
Q

Digitalis is used for

A

Heart conditions

79
Q

Digatilis is found from

A

Foxgloves

80
Q

Some drugs are extracted from

A

Microorganisms

81
Q

How did Alexander Fleming know that drugs can be extracted from microorganisms

A

Was cells ring out some Petri dishes containing bacteria and realised that they had mould In it and the area around the mould was free of bacteria

82
Q

What are the three main stages of drug testing

A

1- preclinical testing drugs are tested on human cells and tissues
2- test drugs on live animals
3- if the drug passes the test on the animal its tested on human volunteers

83
Q

Optimum dose-

A

The dose that’s is the most effective and have the least side effects

84
Q

Toxicity-

A

How harmful it is

85
Q

Efficacy

A

Whether the drug workers and produces the effect you’re looking for

86
Q

Best dosage

A

The concentration and how often it should be given

87
Q

What do they look for when testing drug on animal

A

The efficacy toxicity and the best dosage

88
Q

The law in Britain stated that drug should be

A

Tested on two different live animals

89
Q

To test how well a drug is

A

Patients are put into two groups, one is given the real drug and one is given the placebo.

90
Q

Placebo

A

Substance that is like a drug being tested but is ineffective

91
Q

Why is a placebo used

A

So the doctor can see the actual difference

92
Q

Placebo effect

A

When the patient thinks the ‘treatment’ is working but it’s fake

93
Q

Clinical trials are

A

Blind

94
Q

Why are clinical trials blind

A

So the patients and doctor don’t know if they’re receiving the placebo or the real treatment so doctors don’t subconsciously influence patients

95
Q

What are antibodies produced by

A

B lymphacotes

96
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are produced from

A

Lots of clones of single white blood cell

97
Q

What’s a hybrid ima

A

Fused mouse b-lymphacote with tumour cell

98
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies useful

A

Because they only bind to one molecule so you can use them to target specific cells

99
Q

How are monoclonal antibody cells used in pregnancy tests

A

The bit you wee on had antibodies with blue needs attached

If you’re pregnant the hormone binds to the antibodies is

100
Q

What hormone does pregnant women have in their urine

A

HCG

101
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat disease

A

Different cells have different body antigen on their cell surface

102
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer

A

Anti cancer drug can be attached to monoclonal antibodies, these are given to the patient the antibodies target specific cells. The drug kills the cancer cells

103
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?

A
  • bins to hormone and other chemical in blood to measure level
  • tests blood samples for pathogen
  • locate specific molecules on a cell or tissue
104
Q

Monoclonal antibodies advantage

A

Cancer treatment only affect the affected cell no other ones, side effects lower than chemotherapy

105
Q

Disadvantaged of monoclonal antibodies

A

Cause side effects such as fever and low blood pressure

Not widely used because of this

106
Q

What happens if plants don’t have enough minerals

A

Suffer defficiency symptoms

107
Q

What does lack of nitrate cause in plants

A

Stunted growth

108
Q

What are magnesium ions needed for and what happens if plants don’t have enough

A

Needed to make chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis. Plants without enough suffer from chlorosis and yellow leaves

109
Q

What are insects called that affect plants

A

Aphids

110
Q

Sighs of a disease in plants are

A

Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Abnormal growths
Discolouration

111
Q

What can plant disease be identified by a

A
  • looking up signs in gardening manual
  • taking infected plant to lab-rotary
  • using test kits
112
Q

What are plants physical defences

A

Waxy cuticle provides barrier
Surrounded by cell wall
Layer of dead cells around stem

113
Q

Chemical defence on plants

A

Can produce anitbacterial chemicals which kill bacteria

Produce poison

114
Q

Mechanical defences of plants

A
  • Thorne and hairs

- leaves that droop

triple sciene (15 decks)

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