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triple sciene > Chemistry Topic 7 > Flashcards

Chemistry Topic 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What do hydrocarbons contain

A

Only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

What are the simplest type of hydrocarbons

A

Alkanes

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3
Q

What is the general formula of Alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

The Alkanes are a ______ series meaning they

A

Homologous series

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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5
Q

Alkanes are _________ compounds. Meaning

A

Saturated

Each carbon atom forms four single covalent bond

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6
Q

What are the first four Alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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7
Q

A mnemonic to remember Allende order

A

Mainly everyone talks proper bulshit

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8
Q

What is the symbol for methane

A

CH4

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9
Q

What is the symbol for butane

A

C4H10

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10
Q

What ahalam gonna is he to the hydrocarbons as the length changes

A

The properties change

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11
Q

The shorter the hydrocarbon chain the -

A

More runny it is / less viscous

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12
Q

What are the properties of shorter hydrocarbon chains

A
  • more volatile ( lower boiling point)

- more flammable

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13
Q

When does complete combustion occur

A

When they’re plenty of oxygen

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14
Q

The complete combustion of any hydrogen in oxygen releases

A

Lots of energy

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15
Q

What are the waste products of combustion of hydrocarbons

A

Carbon dioxide + water

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16
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (energy)

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17
Q

Why are hydrocarbons used as fuel

A

Due to the amount of energy they’re lease when the combust

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18
Q

Crude oil is a

A

Fossil fuel

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19
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

From the remains of plants and animals mainly plankton that died million of years ago and buried in mud. With High tenperature and pressure remains turn into crude oil which can be drilled up from rocks

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20
Q

What can be used to separate hydrocarbon fractions

A

Fractional distillation

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21
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of

A

Lots of different hydrocarbons most of which Alkanes

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22
Q

How can fractional distillation be used to seperate hydrocarbons

A

The oil is heated until most of it has turned to gas. It enters the fractionating column.in the column there’s a temperature gradient ( hot at bottom and Cool as you go up)
The longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling point. They condense back into liquid and drain out of column early on

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23
Q

What is a temperature gradient in a fractionating column

A

Hot at the bottom and cooler as you go up

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24
Q

What are the uses of crude oil

A

Fuel, feedstock for new compound me, all the products you get from it are organic compounds

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25
Q

What does cracking mean

A

Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons

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26
Q

Why do short chain hydrocarbon make good fuel

A

Because they’re flammable

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27
Q

Why do we use cracking

A

Longer Alkanes molecules are surrendered into smaller ones as they’re more useful

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28
Q

What does cracking produce

A

Alkanes

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29
Q

Why are Alkanes useful

A

Starting material form other compounds

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30
Q

What type of reaction is cracking

A

Thermal decomposition - break them by heating them

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31
Q

What is catalytic cracking

A

Heat the hydrocarbon, the vapour is passed over hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst. The molecules split apart

32
Q

What is steam cracking

A

Vaporised them then mix with steam and heat them to a high temperature

33
Q

Why are Alkanes unsaturated

A

Because they have a double carbon bond

34
Q

What does the double c=c bond mean in Alkanes

A

They have two fewer hydrogens. This means they’re unsaturated. This can open up to make a single bond

35
Q

Are Alkanes or Alkanes more reactive

A

Alkanes as the double bond can open up to make single bond allowing two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms

36
Q

What are the first four Alkenes

A

Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene

37
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

38
Q

Why can’t alkenes combust fully

A

Because there isn’t enough oxygen

39
Q

What type of combustion do alkenes fo through

A

Incomplete as there isn’t enough oxygen

40
Q

What happens during incomplete combustion of alkene and why is it danegeroud

A

Carbon dioxide and water still produces but carbon and carbon monoxide produced too which is poisonous

41
Q

Equation of incomplete combustion of alkene

A

Alkene + oxygen —-> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water

42
Q

What does incomplete combustion result in

A

Smoky yellow flame and less energy

43
Q

What is a functional group

A

Group of atoms in a molecule which determine how the molecule reacts

44
Q

What functional group do alkenes have

A

C=c

45
Q

How do alkenes react

A

Addition reaction

46
Q

What happens in a addition reaction

A

Carbon to carbon bond opens and leaves a single bond with a new atoms added to each carbon

47
Q

What is the addition of hydrogen called

A

Hydrogenation

48
Q

Steam reacts with alkenes to form

A

Alcohol

49
Q

Iwhat happens when a alkene react with steam

A

Water is added and alcohol is formed

50
Q

How can the addition of bromine to a double bond be used to test for alkenes

A

Orange bromine water is added to a saturated compound like a alkane, no reaction will happen. If added to alkene the bromine will add across the double bond making a colourless di Elmo compound

51
Q

What are polymers

A

Lots of same molecule joined together in one long chain

52
Q

How are polymers formed

A

When lots of small molecules called monomers join together. This is called polymerisation

53
Q

What does polymerisation need

A

High pressure and catalyst

54
Q

What are addition polymers made off

A

Unsaturated monomers

55
Q

What are the rules of drawing a repeating unit of polymer

A

Draw two alkene carbons, replace double bond with single bond and add extra bond to each of end carbons coming out of bracket. Put a n after it

56
Q

What is the functional group of alcohol

A

-OH

57
Q

What is the general formula for alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

58
Q

What are properites of alchohol

A

Flammable. Undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide + water.
All soluble in water.
Can be oxidised to produce carboxylic acids

59
Q

How can ethanol be made

A

By fermentation

60
Q

Explain steps of fermentation

A

Using a enzyme in yeast to convert sugars min to ethanol. Carbon dioxide is also formed.

61
Q

What conditions do fermentation occur the best

A

37c
Slightly acidic condition
Anaerobic conditions

62
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

63
Q

What does carboxylic acids names end in

A

Anoic acid

64
Q

How do carboxylic acids react

A

Produce to form salt water and carbon dioxide

65
Q

What do the salts form Ed in carboxylic reactions names end in

A

-anoate

66
Q

What can esters be made from

A

Carboxylic acids and alchohol

67
Q

What is the functional group of esters

A

-COO-

68
Q

What does condensation polymerisation involve

A

Monomers which contain different fictional groups

69
Q

What is the difference between adddition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation for monomers

A

Addition- only one monomer type, condensation two monomer types each containing two or same functional group in

70
Q

What is the difference between adddition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation for number of products

A

Addition- one formed

Condensation - two types of product

71
Q

What is the difference between adddition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation for functional groups involved

A

Addition- carbon= carbon bond in monomer

Condensation- two receive groups on each monomer

72
Q

What are the functional groups of amino acids

A

Basic amino group and an acidic carboxylic group

73
Q

Proteins are polymers of

A

Amino acids

74
Q

DNA molecules are made from

A

Nucleotide polymers

75
Q

DNA Is made from

A

Two polymer chains called nucleotides- each contain a base known by A C T G. It has a double helix structure

76
Q

Sugars are small molecules which contain

A

Carbon oxygen and hydrogen

triple sciene (15 decks)

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