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triple sciene > Chemistry Topic 7 > Flashcards

Chemistry Topic 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What do hydrocarbons contain

A

Only hydrogen and carbon atoms

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2
Q

What are the simplest type of hydrocarbons

A

Alkanes

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3
Q

What is the general formula of Alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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4
Q

The Alkanes are a ______ series meaning they

A

Homologous series

A group of organic compounds that react in a similar way

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5
Q

Alkanes are _________ compounds. Meaning

A

Saturated

Each carbon atom forms four single covalent bond

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6
Q

What are the first four Alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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7
Q

A mnemonic to remember Allende order

A

Mainly everyone talks proper bulshit

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8
Q

What is the symbol for methane

A

CH4

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9
Q

What is the symbol for butane

A

C4H10

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10
Q

What ahalam gonna is he to the hydrocarbons as the length changes

A

The properties change

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11
Q

The shorter the hydrocarbon chain the -

A

More runny it is / less viscous

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12
Q

What are the properties of shorter hydrocarbon chains

A
  • more volatile ( lower boiling point)

- more flammable

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13
Q

When does complete combustion occur

A

When they’re plenty of oxygen

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14
Q

The complete combustion of any hydrogen in oxygen releases

A

Lots of energy

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15
Q

What are the waste products of combustion of hydrocarbons

A

Carbon dioxide + water

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16
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (energy)

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17
Q

Why are hydrocarbons used as fuel

A

Due to the amount of energy they’re lease when the combust

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18
Q

Crude oil is a

A

Fossil fuel

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19
Q

How is crude oil formed

A

From the remains of plants and animals mainly plankton that died million of years ago and buried in mud. With High tenperature and pressure remains turn into crude oil which can be drilled up from rocks

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20
Q

What can be used to separate hydrocarbon fractions

A

Fractional distillation

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21
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of

A

Lots of different hydrocarbons most of which Alkanes

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22
Q

How can fractional distillation be used to seperate hydrocarbons

A

The oil is heated until most of it has turned to gas. It enters the fractionating column.in the column there’s a temperature gradient ( hot at bottom and Cool as you go up)
The longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling point. They condense back into liquid and drain out of column early on

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23
Q

What is a temperature gradient in a fractionating column

A

Hot at the bottom and cooler as you go up

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24
Q

What are the uses of crude oil

A

Fuel, feedstock for new compound me, all the products you get from it are organic compounds

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25
What does cracking mean
Splitting up long chain hydrocarbons
26
Why do short chain hydrocarbon make good fuel
Because they’re flammable
27
Why do we use cracking
Longer Alkanes molecules are surrendered into smaller ones as they’re more useful
28
What does cracking produce
Alkanes
29
Why are Alkanes useful
Starting material form other compounds
30
What type of reaction is cracking
Thermal decomposition - break them by heating them
31
What is catalytic cracking
Heat the hydrocarbon, the vapour is passed over hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst. The molecules split apart
32
What is steam cracking
Vaporised them then mix with steam and heat them to a high temperature
33
Why are Alkanes unsaturated
Because they have a double carbon bond
34
What does the double c=c bond mean in Alkanes
They have two fewer hydrogens. This means they’re unsaturated. This can open up to make a single bond
35
Are Alkanes or Alkanes more reactive
Alkanes as the double bond can open up to make single bond allowing two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms
36
What are the first four Alkenes
Ethene Propene Butene Pentene
37
What is the general formula for alkenes
CnH2n
38
Why can’t alkenes combust fully
Because there isn’t enough oxygen
39
What type of combustion do alkenes fo through
Incomplete as there isn’t enough oxygen
40
What happens during incomplete combustion of alkene and why is it danegeroud
Carbon dioxide and water still produces but carbon and carbon monoxide produced too which is poisonous
41
Equation of incomplete combustion of alkene
Alkene + oxygen —-> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water
42
What does incomplete combustion result in
Smoky yellow flame and less energy
43
What is a functional group
Group of atoms in a molecule which determine how the molecule reacts
44
What functional group do alkenes have
C=c
45
How do alkenes react
Addition reaction
46
What happens in a addition reaction
Carbon to carbon bond opens and leaves a single bond with a new atoms added to each carbon
47
What is the addition of hydrogen called
Hydrogenation
48
Steam reacts with alkenes to form
Alcohol
49
Iwhat happens when a alkene react with steam
Water is added and alcohol is formed
50
How can the addition of bromine to a double bond be used to test for alkenes
Orange bromine water is added to a saturated compound like a alkane, no reaction will happen. If added to alkene the bromine will add across the double bond making a colourless di Elmo compound
51
What are polymers
Lots of same molecule joined together in one long chain
52
How are polymers formed
When lots of small molecules called monomers join together. This is called polymerisation
53
What does polymerisation need
High pressure and catalyst
54
What are addition polymers made off
Unsaturated monomers
55
What are the rules of drawing a repeating unit of polymer
Draw two alkene carbons, replace double bond with single bond and add extra bond to each of end carbons coming out of bracket. Put a n after it
56
What is the functional group of alcohol
-OH
57
What is the general formula for alcohol
CnH2n+1OH
58
What are properites of alchohol
Flammable. Undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide + water. All soluble in water. Can be oxidised to produce carboxylic acids
59
How can ethanol be made
By fermentation
60
Explain steps of fermentation
Using a enzyme in yeast to convert sugars min to ethanol. Carbon dioxide is also formed.
61
What conditions do fermentation occur the best
37c Slightly acidic condition Anaerobic conditions
62
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids
-COOH
63
What does carboxylic acids names end in
Anoic acid
64
How do carboxylic acids react
Produce to form salt water and carbon dioxide
65
What do the salts form Ed in carboxylic reactions names end in
-anoate
66
What can esters be made from
Carboxylic acids and alchohol
67
What is the functional group of esters
-COO-
68
What does condensation polymerisation involve
Monomers which contain different fictional groups
69
What is the difference between adddition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation for monomers
Addition- only one monomer type, condensation two monomer types each containing two or same functional group in
70
What is the difference between adddition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation for number of products
Addition- one formed | Condensation - two types of product
71
What is the difference between adddition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation for functional groups involved
Addition- carbon= carbon bond in monomer | Condensation- two receive groups on each monomer
72
What are the functional groups of amino acids
Basic amino group and an acidic carboxylic group
73
Proteins are polymers of
Amino acids
74
DNA molecules are made from
Nucleotide polymers
75
DNA Is made from
Two polymer chains called nucleotides- each contain a base known by A C T G. It has a double helix structure
76
Sugars are small molecules which contain
Carbon oxygen and hydrogen

triple sciene (15 decks)

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