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Psychology > Tobacco & Nicotine > Flashcards

Tobacco & Nicotine Flashcards

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1
Q

Routes of Administration nicotine

A

snuff, dip, chew, smoked

all absorbed through mucous membranes

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2
Q

Snuff

A

sniffed into the nostrils

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3
Q

dip

A

places inside the cheek

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4
Q

chew

A

absorbed through the membranes of the mouth

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5
Q

cigarettes and cigars

A

smoked, nicotine is vaporized and is in the ash and smoke

-absorbed in the lungs

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6
Q

Absorption nicotine

A

lungs->heart->brain

  • rapid
  • 90% of nicotine inhaled reaches the brain
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7
Q

Smoke contains

A

carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine

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8
Q

carbon monoxide

A

reduces oxygen

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9
Q

tar

A

sticks to cells in the lungs & prevents elimination of foreign materials
-clears out after 2-3 years clean

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10
Q

Nicotine

A

oil psychoactive compound

  • 60mg of pure nicotine would kill an adult
  • 7 to 9mg of nicotine in a cigarette
  • average about 1 mg per cigarette is absorbed into bloodstream/brain
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11
Q

Distribution/Excretion nicotine

A
  • 30-40% eliminated into urine
  • remaining metabolized in liver
  • no day to day accumulation
  • crosses placenta and in breast milk
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12
Q

nicotine half life

A

30 mins

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13
Q

Where does nicotine work in the brain?

A

binds to nicotine receptors for acetylcholine

-many different regions

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14
Q

what does nicotine stimulate the release of?

A

epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

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15
Q

Effects of nicotine

A

physical: increased heart rate and blood pressure, constrict blood vessels in the skin (cold touch and wrinkles), laxative, increased respiration, and nausea
- -increases metabolic rate and decreases appetite

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16
Q

Nesbitt’s paradox

A

cause physiological arousal; yet people report relaxation

-for non-users it causes arousal, tension, dizziness and/or nausea

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17
Q

Nicotine effects performance

A

improves performance of smokers on task that require vigilance and attention
-speeds information processing
-improves performance on learning task
Tolerance does develop

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18
Q

nicotine withdrawal

A

decreased heart rate, increased appetite, difficulty concentrating, trouble sleeping, craving, anxiety, anger, depression

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19
Q

how long does nicotine withdrawal last?

A

last about a month (except for craving) but may last up to 6 months

20
Q

Smoke and pregnancy

A
  • correlation between amount of smoking and birth weight
  • low birth weight is due to a decrease in the amount of oxygen available
  • increases risk for miscarriage
  • increased risk for SIDS?
21
Q

as smoke increases while pregnancy

A

birth weight decreases, leading to cause of low birth weight

22
Q

Increased risk of SIDS in smoke?

A

may be predominately due to second hand smoke

23
Q

second hand smoking

A
  • over 4000 substances in mixture–more than 40 are carcinogenic
  • classified by EPA as a known cause of lung cancer in humans
  • irritant to eyes, nose, and throat
  • estimated ~ 3000 deaths/year to nonsmokers
  • infants and children at greatest risk for respiratory infections, ear infections, and asthma
24
Q

smoking due to nicotine helps with

A

reduces risk of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s

25
Q

nicotine can also

A

Be neuroprotective

  • Parkinson’s disease and ethanol withdrawal neurotoxicity
  • suppress certain autoimmune diseases

Help with ADHD symptoms

26
Q

smoking cessations

A

most surveys show that the majority of smokers want to quit

-physical and psychological addiction!

27
Q

Pharmacotherapies

A

substitution and weaning (reliably increase long term abstinence)

  • nicotine patch
  • nicotine gum
  • nicotine inhaler
  • nicotine nasal spray
28
Q

other pharmacotherapies

A

Zyban (buproprion) & Chantix (varenicline)

29
Q

Zyban (buproprion)

A

approved in the 1997 for smoking cessation

  • oringally an antidepreseant (Wellbutrin)
  • mechanism of action not well understood
30
Q

Chantix (varenicline)

A

approve in 2006 for smoking cessation

  • partial agonist for a portion of the nicotine receptor
  • prevents nicotine from occupying receptors
  • results in sustained low level of dopamine release while preventing withdrawal
31
Q

Chantix (varenicline) side effects:

A

-nausea
-abnormal dreams
-insomnia
-flatulence and constipation
-headache
AND…
serious neuropsychiatric events, leading to suicide

32
Q

When an individual smokes a cigarette, what is the route of administration?

A

inhalation

33
Q

How have rates of cigarette smoking in the United States changed in the last four decades?

A

decreased

34
Q

How have rates of cigarettes smoking worldwide changed in the last four decades?

A

increased

35
Q

Your friend Sam has taken a summer job picking tobacco on a farm. What might you warn your friend about regarding the job?

A

Your friend might get green tobacco sickness (nicotine poisoning) if your friend picks tobacco leaves while wet and the leaves touch the skin. Symptoms of green tobacco sickness include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, diarrhea, fluctuations in blood pressure and heart rate, and increased perspiration.

36
Q

The U.S. Surgeon General in 1964 released a landmark report linking smoking to cancer and other diseases. Smoking rates declined in the decades thereafter. Was this the first time in history that people thought tobacco use might be associated with health risks?

A

No, in fact King James I, in 1604, issued an antitobacco essay that resembles antismoking information common today. In the essay, it was claimed that smoking infected man with a vicious and oily soot that may hasten an early death. While the science showing that tobacco use can lead to cancer was a more recent advancement, people much earlier had seen the connection between smoking and poor health outcomes.

37
Q

Your friend is a smoker who wants to quit. She has tried to quit many times on her own but has been unsuccessful. You suggest that she try a nicotine replacement product (such as a nicotine patch) to help her quit. However, she argues that use of a nicotine patch won’t help her quit because she will get the nicotine in either case. Using your understanding of pharmacokinetics and route of administration, how would you explain to your friend that the nicotine administered in the patch form might be advantageous to quitting efforts?

A

The inhalation of nicotine by cigarette smoking results in a very fast method of drug absorption. When cigarette smoke is inhaled, nicotine easily gets into the bloodstream because the lungs have a large blood supply. Therefore, nicotine administration via smoking results in rapid absorption by the brain. By contrast, nicotine administered through the transdermal route of administration using a patch will be slow. The skin is an effective barrier and thus nicotine must be absorbed relatively slowly through the skin, get into the bloodstream and then eventually reach the brain. The transdermal route of administration is dramatically slower than the inhalation route of administration.

38
Q

What acute effect(s) does nicotine appear to improve?

A

motor coordination, alertness, and cognitive performance

39
Q

How does the acute effect of nicotine impact autonomic nervous system activity?

A

increases sympathetic arousal

40
Q

How much weight do smokers typically gain once they quit smoking?

A

13 pounds

41
Q

A researcher wishes to examine the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Which of the following methods would be most similar to human smoking?

A

self-administration procedure

42
Q

Smoking cigarettes can lead to cancer. What component of tobacco smoke is the biggest culprit?

A

tar

43
Q

Nicotine is a/an______ drug.

A

acetylcholine agonist

44
Q

Which of the following diseases/disorders might benefit from nicotine treatment?

A

alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia

45
Q

Bob has been smoking for 30 years. He needs to quit smoking, but he has tried many times before on his own without success. His doctor suggests a medication that might help him. The doctor explains that the drug competes with the nicotine receptors in the brain, making smoking less enjoyable. Which smoking cessation treatment is the doctor referring to?

A

vernicline

46
Q

Nicotine has different effects at lower doses than it does at
higher doses. Explain this.

A

Nicotine is considered to be a biphasic drug because at
lower doses, CNS stimulation is typically observed. However, at higher doses, the effect reverses and CNS sedation is the result.

47
Q

Why would assessing the acute effects of nicotine be a difficult task?

A

When examining the acute effects of a drug, it is ideal to examine the effects in an individual who is naive to the drug. However, nicotine is very addictive and researchers have the ethical dilemma of whether exposing a nonsmoking subject to nicotine might lead to addiction. Studies that have been conducted show that smokers and nonsmokers differ in their response to nicotine.

Psychology (12 decks)

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