Alcohol

Question 1

Alcohol

Answer 1

fermenting fruit, sugar dissolved in H2O & exposed to air, microbes (yeasts) consume it –metabolic by products of yeast – ethanol & CO2

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

• Tiny molecule, esp soluble in water
• Readily crosses blood brain barrier so blood & brain levels are equal
• Unique because it requires no digestion before it’s absorbed
• absorbed mainly through the capillaries in small intestines (although some absorption by the stomach

Question 3

Factors that affect absorption

Answer 3

1) amount of food in the stomach
* type of food-milk or high protein seems to slow absorption
2) the rate at which the beverage is consumed
3) strength of alcohol in drink

Question 4

Factor characteristics that affect absorption

Answer 4

weight, sex, hydration, status, carbonation, personal history

Question 5

How do these fit with legal limit for driving?

Answer 5

• amount of alcohol in the blood by weight
• usually presented as mg of alcohol/100ml of blood
• blood alcohol consumption (BAC)
• legal level of intoxication varies across states - KS .08%
• LD50 ~.45%

Question 6

kansas legal level?

Answer 6

0.08% (80mg/100ml)

Question 7

B.A.C. & Behavioral Effects

Answer 7

the levels of alcohol in your system

Question 8

0.05%

Answer 8

good feeling, release of inhibitions, impaired in judgement

Question 9

.10%

Answer 9

slower reaction time, impaired motor function less cautious

Question 10

.15%

Answer 10

much slower reaction time, vomit reflex

Question 11

.20%

Answer 11

marked depression in sensory & motor capacity, intoxication

Question 12

.25%

Answer 12

severe motor disturbance, staggering, sensory impairment

Question 13

.30%

Answer 13

conscious, but no comprehension of what is going on

Question 14

.35%

Answer 14

LD1

Question 15

~.45%

Answer 15

LD50

Question 16

Ethanol Metabolism

Answer 16

alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450

Question 17

Alcohol dehydrogenase (stomach)

Answer 17

women have lower levels, alcohol stays in system longer & has more of an effect

Question 18

Acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase (liver)

Answer 18

30-50% of Asians this enzyme is inactive

• acetaldehyde builds up
  
  • facial flush
  • sweating
  • nausea
• may account for “allergic reaction” to alcohol

Question 19

Cytochrome P450

Answer 19

Metabolizes alcohol in addition to other drugs

• -alcohol metabolism has higher priority than other drugs
• -alcohol consumption may lead to higher levels of other drugs in the liver & blood

With repeated use, these enzymes increase in number “induction”
-increased rate of alcohol metabolism

Question 20

when does it work in the brain?

Answer 20

depresses CNS activity: GABA

-affects all major NT systems

Question 21

Excretion

Answer 21

body begins breaking down alcohol almost immediately

• aprox. 5-10% leaves the body unchanged in sweat, urine, & breath
• Remaining 90-95% must be metabolized

Question 22

Alcohol tolerance

Answer 22

develops rapidly, max tolerance develops within a few weeks of constant drinking
-is greatly reduced within 2-3 weeks

Question 23

What is a hangover?

Answer 23

• upset stomach, fatigue, headache, thirst, depression, anxiety, & malaise
• not clear if a symptom of withdrawal or acute toxicity
• the higher you BAC, the more likely it is you will have a hangover
• more congeners, greater hangover

Question 24

Alcohol withdrawal

Answer 24

~6 weeks, 4 stages of detox

-administering a benzodiazepine (valium) during stages 1 or 2 prevents stages 3 &4

Question 25

stage 1

Answer 25

tremors, rapid heart rate, hypertension, sweating, insomnia

Question 26

stage 2

Answer 26

hallucinations (auditory, visual, tactile), olfactory signs

Question 27

stage 3

Answer 27

delusions, disorientation, delirium, amnesia,

Question 28

stage 4

Answer 28

seizures (2 weeks)

Question 29

Alcoholism

Answer 29

problems associated with a preoccupation with drinking (symptomatic drinking, loss of control over drinking) - emotional problems (depression) - vocational, social, & family problems - physiological problems (organ damage)

Question 30

Genetic Factors

Answer 30

- first degree relatives are 3-4 times more likely to become alcoholics than non-relatives - 20-25% of sons & brothers of alcoholics become alcoholic - 5% of daughters & sisters of alcoholics become alcoholic

Question 31

Alcoholism/Chronic use

Answer 31

organs affected by chronic use: | liver, heart increased cancer rate, brains

Question 32

liver

Answer 32

fatty liver, alc hepatitis, & cirrhosis (10 years) of drinking 1 pint of whiskey per day

Question 33

Heart

Answer 33

increased heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes

Question 34

brains

Answer 34

enlarged ventricles, widened sulci | -cellular loss in brain

Question 35

Diseases associated with chronic alcohol use

Answer 35

Wernicke-Karsakoff Syndrome (dementia) | Karakoff's Psychosis

Question 36

Wernicke-Karsakoff Syndrome (dementia)

Answer 36

wernicke's disease: thiamine deficiency | -confusion, impaired condition and eye movement

Question 37

Karakoff's Pyschosis

Answer 37

inability to remember recent events | -not associated with malnutrition

Question 38

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Answer 38

physical and behavioral abnormalities due to alcohol exposure during development

Question 39

criteria to diagnose FASD

Answer 39

1) delayed growth factors before &/or after birth 2) abnormal facial features 3) CNS abnormality

Question 40

CNS abnormality

Answer 40

- abnormal neonatal behavior - intellectual disabilities - abnormal neurobehavioral development * Not all children born to drinking moms have FAS

Question 41

abnormal neurobehavioral development

Answer 41

- language problems - distinguishing fact from fantasy - predicting outcomes - distinguishing friends from strangers

Question 42

Jonathan has been drinking over a pint a whiskey a day for over 10 year. A blood test of his liver would reveal an elevation of which enzyme(s) in his liver?

Answer 42

cytochrome P450

Question 43

Lindsay takes two aspirin for a headache and then goes out drinking. What is the most likely outcome if she consumes her typical dose of alcohol?

Answer 43

Her blood alcohol level will be higher than normal

Question 44

A bottle of bourbon is 90 proof. What percentage of the bourbon is alcohol?

Answer 44

45%

Question 45

Years of chronic drinking results in liver damage. ___________ is characterized by liver cells being replaced with scar tissue made up of collagen. This results in decreased liver blood flow and metabolism.

Answer 45

Cirrhosis

Question 46

Distilling is required to get more alcohol content out of a fermented beverage. Distillation works to increase the alcohol content because:

Answer 46

Alcohol has a lower boiling point than water

Question 47

Alcohol is a central nervous system ______ drug.

Answer 47

sedative

Question 48

______ consume fermented beverages.

Answer 48

humans treseehrews fruit flies

Question 49

The maximum alcohol content that can be achieved with fermentation alone is ______.

Answer 49

15%

Question 50

Distillation can increase the alcohol content of a fermented beverage. Why?

Answer 50

alc has lower boiling point than water

Question 51

Historically, the intentional production and consumption of alcohol first occurred around

Answer 51

7000BCE

Question 52

According to the 2010 U.S. National Household Survey, ______ of Americans are current drinkers of alcohol.

Answer 52

52%

Question 53

According to NIAAA, what is considered low-risk drinking?

Answer 53

low-risk drinking for men constitutes no more than 4 standard drinks per day and no more than 14 standard drinks per week. Women are more likely to expe- rience alcohol-related harms at lower thresholds of drinking, thus the low-risk drinking limits for women are lower. It is recommended that women consume no more than 3 standard drinks per day and no more than 7 drinks per week. Keeping within these limits will considerably decrease the likelihood of developing problems.

Question 54

Where does the United States rank in worldwide alcohol use?

Answer 54

in about the middle of countries in alcohol consumption.