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Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hallucinogen?

A

all drugs that cause users to have hallucinations

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2
Q

Abrams (1996) defined psychedelics

A

any agent that causes alterations in perception, cognition, & mood as its primary action in the presence of an otherwise clear sensorium

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3
Q

Psychedelic drugs

A

many but not all, psychedelics structurally resemble one of the five NT:

  • serotonin
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • glutamate
  • opiate
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4
Q

serotonin

A

monoamine

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5
Q

catecholamines

A

norepinephrine

dopamine

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6
Q

Serotonin-Like: LSD

A

LSD - synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hofmam, a series of lysergic compounds, with no interesting findings

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7
Q

Albert Hofmam

A

synthesized LSD-25, later ingesting .25mg and recording the first human experience

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8
Q

Uses of LSD in 1953-1966

A

used as a adjunct to psychotherapy, initially starting LSD research

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9
Q

Timothy Leary (1920-1996)

A

in the early to mid 1960s he was a clinical psychologist at Harvard University conducting psilocybin and LSD experiments, he started using LSD recreationally and started to make a movement

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10
Q

“turn on, tune in, and drop out”

A

Timothy Leary

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11
Q

pharmokinetics of LSD

A

absorption rapid-oral route most common
1/2 life of 3 hours
metabolized in liver
only reaches 1% to brain

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12
Q

what is the 1/2 life of LSD

A

3 hours

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13
Q

what percentage of LSD reaches the brain?

A

1%

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14
Q

Tolerance of LSD

A

develops rapidly, recovery is rapid (so can be used weekly with same dose)

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15
Q

Cross tolerance

A

LSD with psilocybin mescaline

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16
Q

withdrawal for LSD?

A

none

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17
Q

mechanics of action of LSD

A

initally thought LSD worked by acting on serotonin (5-HT) receptors, 5-HT receptors ARE primary BUT NOT binding sites for LSD
-in some cases it works as agonist and some as antagonist

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18
Q

“synthetic LSD”

A

251: NBOME;N-bomb
- can cause death
- very different from regular LSD
- mixed w a lot of things
- completely different drug
* works only on one group of serotonin receptors

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19
Q

synthetic LSD can cause

A

heart attacks
strokes
blood clotting

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20
Q

LDS experience

A
  • last 6-9 hours
  • mostly visual/perceptual changes
    • colored lights, distorted images; synesthesia
  • altered sense of time
  • depersonalization
  • dilated pupils, elevated temperature & blood pressure
    • sympathetic nervous system
  • restlessness, euphoria & sensation that inner tension has been released
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21
Q

Synesthesia

A

may see sounds, taste words or feel a sensation on their skin when they smell certain scents. They may also see abstract concepts like time projected in the space around them.

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22
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

LSD

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23
Q

adverse effects of LSD

A
  • panic reaction
  • flashbacks
  • LSD psychosis
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24
Q

flash backs from LSD use

A

quite variable & unpredictable

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25
LSD psychosis
rare & usually occur when the person is: - unaware of taking the drug - mentally unstable before taking the drug - in hostile or threatening conditions while on the drug
26
Pharmacology of LSD
- extremely potent - no OD death reported in humans - high therapeutic index
27
serotonin-like hallucinogens:
1. LSD 2. mushrooms 3. Peyote 4. DMT 5. Ayahuasca 6. Nutmeg 7. Mescaline
28
Psilocybin
Aztecs and Mayans took this drug - long history in religious and ceremonial use - 4 mg yield pleasant experiences w relaxation & some bodily sensations - similar to LSD, but not as potent - potential therapy for fear and anxiety
29
Peyote
- mescal buttons - used in spiritual ceremonies (Native American church) - Pharmacokinetics
30
How is peyote taken?
orally
31
Pharmacokinetics of peyote
- doesn't easily get into brain - 1/2000 as potent as LSD - 1/2 life~2hours
32
1/2 life of peyote?
2 hours
33
Effects of peyote
- nausea & vomiting - tremors & lack of coordination - after about an hour have LDS-like effects & respiratory arrest - death results from seizures
34
DMT
typically sold in powder form and smoked - structurally similar to serotonin - peak drug effects vary widely by route
35
route of admin for DMT
smoking: 1-5 min injection: 10-15 min orally or in pill form: 2-3 years
36
5-MeO-DMT
might be called "Foxy" - 4-10 fold more potent than DMT - peak effects about 30-45 mins after inhalation
37
licking toad
Colorado river toad in the Sonora desert | -DMT
38
DMT & 5-MeO-DMT are only mildly active if taken
orally | -it must be taken with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-1; harmaline) antideppresent
39
unlike LSD, both DMT & 5-MeO-DMT can be fatal if
smoked &/or injected in combo with MAO
40
Monoamine Oxidase
enzyme breaks down monoamine, inhibitor (anti-depressant) stops enzyme from breaking down monoamine -result in more available 5-HT
41
Ayahuasca
Drink in South America that combines plants with DMT with plants with MAO-s
42
how long does ayahuasca last?
6-12 hours
43
3 phases of experiences Ayahuasca?
1) vivid visual imagery, dizziness & nausea with vomiting 2) contact with spirit world 3) fading of visions, a decrease in nausea & exhaustion
44
Nutmeg
Myristin likely active ingredient - can cause changes in visual perceptions, visual hallucinations, depersonalization, euphoria - need a high dose (at least a tablespoon)
45
Side effects of nutmeg
vomiting unconsciousness tremors that last up to 12 hours
46
Mescaline
found in San Pedro Cactus - trip can last up to 10 hours - induces nausea & vomiting * **not common because of how sick it makes you
47
Salvia Divinorum common effects:
- uncontrollable hysterical laughter - overlapping realites - salvinorin A-active ingredient * **doesn't not work on the same NT as other hallucinogens - Kappa opiod Receptor Agonist * smoke it! not very active orally
48
a non-serotonin
saliva divinorum
49
PCP & Ketamine
* both are anesthetic agents * work on the glutamate system - NMDA antagonist - this results in dopamine release
50
PCP
- dissociation from the body - strong emotional response (positive or negative) - cognitive disorganization * *used to be used as anesthesia, felt pain but felt out of body
51
angels dust
PCP
52
Ketamine
less potent than PCP - marked dissociative state - complete loss of time - altered perception of "body consistency" - some experience insight in the mysteries of existence
53
ketamine results
compulsive daily use can develop - tolerance does develop - repeated use causes neuronal changes including cell death - a single iv dose of ketamine markedly improves treatment resistant depression
54
Which of the following is a serotonergic hallucinogen?
mescaline
55
Salvia is currently listed as a ______ drug under the U.S. Controlled Substances Act.
it is not scheduled
56
______ comes from a mushroom, and ______ comes from the root of a shrub.
psilocybin, ibogaine
57
What is the most common hallucinogen in the United States, according to the most recent National Household Survey?
MDMA (ecstasy)
58
What is the most common hallucinogen among adolescents, according to the most recent Monitoring the Future study?
salvia
59
Prevalence rates for drug use in a population are often established using survey methodology. What is another way that scientists can estimate illicit drug use rates?
Researchers can also analyze wastewater (sewage) for uri- | nary biomarkers of illicit drugs
60
During the 1950s and 1960s, hallucinogens played a role in medicine. At that time, why did physicians view halluci- nogens as medically useful? When did systematic research on the medical applications of hallucinogens end?
psychiatrists believed that hallucinogens (especially LSD) would be helpful in talk- therapy treatment, as the drug would break down the normal barriers to communication and facilitate therapy. Psychia- trists were encouraged to try LSD themselves so that they could experience psychosis and be more empathetic to patients suffering from schizophrenia or other psychoti
61
This hallucinogen results in a long trip that users report commonly involves contact with the spirit world and the ability to find lost objects or loved ones:
ayahuasca
62
__________ was a clinical psychologist and conducted research using LSD and psilocybin at Harvard University.
timothy leary
63
Mescaline is derived from:
San Pedro cactus
64
Cross tolerance is most likely to occur between LSD and __________?
psilocybin
65
Anticholinergic hallucinogens such as ____________ are alkaloids that act as acetylcholine receptor antagonists and can be found in plants such as deadly night shade.
Atropine

Psychology (12 decks)

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