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Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Division of nervous system

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

CNS

A

brain & spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

somatic & autonomic

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4
Q

Autonomic

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

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5
Q

Somatic

A

movements sk. muscles

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6
Q

Parasympathetic

A

“homeostasis” rest & digest

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7
Q

3 divisions

A

hindbrain, mindbrain, forebrain

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8
Q

Hindbrain

A

basic functions
origin of brain dopamine
heart rate, breathing, muscle memory

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9
Q

Mindbrain

A

integrate sensory info

location of the center of the reward pathway

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10
Q

Forebrain

A

higher mental process

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11
Q

two major cell types

A

neurons & glial cells

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12
Q

Glial cells

A 
physical & functional support
provide ATP
glial cells wrap around myelin
nutrients to neurons
remove debris
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13
Q

Microglia

A

glial causes swelling

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14
Q

Glial cells create

A

blood-brain barrier

*semi-permeable membrane, only lipophilic drug can pass through

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15
Q

Neurons

A

4 functional zones: cell body, dendrites, axons, & synapse

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16
Q

dendrites

A

input

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17
Q

axons

A

output

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18
Q

synapse

A

two neurons meet to pass info

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19
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

presynaptic and postsynaptic cell

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20
Q

Presynaptic

A

neuron sending info

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21
Q

Action potential

A
  • change in electrical charge down the length of the axon resulting in NT release
  • presynaptic neuron releases NT
  • NT binds to a receptor on postsynaptic neurons
  • remains in synaptic cleft (gap)
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22
Q

Lost & key

A

NT fits like key

-drugs mimicks

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23
Q

General drugs effects on Receptors

A

drugs that cross the blood brain barrier also bing to receptors
-agonist or antagonist

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24
Q

Agonist

A

agonist drugs increase the effectiveness of neurotransmission
ex. if it increases dopamine’s action, like meth

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25
Q

Antagonist

A

antagonist drugs decreases the effectiveness of neurotransmission
ex. if it decreases dopamine action call it dopamine antagonist, it blocks NT (helpful)

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26
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory, Inhibitory

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27
Q

Excitatory

A

increases the normal activity of postsynaptic cell

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28
Q

Inhibitory

A

decreases the activity of the postsynaptic cell

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29
Q

All drugs that alter psychological activity

A

interact with NT

30
Q

NT

A

acetylcholine, epinephrine & norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, endorphins (opiates)

31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Peripheral action
-muscle movement
Central action
-memory & wakefulness

32
Q

2 types of receptors

A

muscarinic & nicotinic

33
Q

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

A 
Peripheral action
-adrenaline
-fight or flight
Central action
-mood
-attention
-blood pressure * heart rate
34
Q

Ach

A

movement in muscle

35
Q

DA

A

movement in brain

36
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Motor pathway (Parkinson’s)
-nigrostraiatal Dopamine Pathway
-dopamine is released from the substantianigra
Reward Pathway
-mesolimbic dopamine pathway
-dopamine is released from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) & sent to the nucleus accumbens

37
Q

5 DA receptors

A

some in one or other pathway

38
Q

Agonist for DA

A

cocaine, meth, adderall

39
Q

Antagonist for DA

A

antipsychotics

40
Q

Seratonin

A

regulation of mood, sleep & alterness (arousal), dreaming
15 different receptors!
-haulocigants & antidepresants

41
Q

Agonist for seratonin

A

ecstasy, LSD, Prozac

42
Q

Antagonist for seratonin

A

often mixed with agonist or antagonists

treatment for nausea, bipolar

43
Q

GABA

A

primary inhibitory NT

44
Q

Agonist GABA

A

valium (benzos)

alcohol

45
Q

Antagonist GABA

A

block the effects of alcohol

46
Q

Glutamate

A
  • most areas of CNS
  • primary excitatory NT
  • learning & memory but cause seizures
47
Q

Endorphins

A

3 opioid receptors; Mu, Kappa, Delta

-working out; pain relief & swelling

48
Q

Mu

A

reinforcement

49
Q

Agonist Endorphins

A

morphine & heroin

50
Q

Antagonist Endorphins

A

narcan

51
Q

What is released into the synapse during neural communication?

A

neurotransmitters

52
Q

Drugs of abuse are most likely to directly or indirectly increase which neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine

53
Q

______ acts like endogenous endorphins.

A

morphine

54
Q

______ is an internal signal for neurons to commit suicide.

A

apoptosis

55
Q

pons

A

sleep * wakefullness

56
Q

reticular activating system

A

pathway running through the pons and the medulla

57
Q

cerebellum

A

responsible for balance and coordinated motor movements, including speech

58
Q

medulla

A

control of breathing, heart rate, swallowing, blood pressure, and digestive processes, it is also the vomit center

59
Q

substantia nigra

A

produces dopamine and thus is important for motivation and reward

60
Q

thalamus and hypo- thalamus

A

relay station, as this is where information coming into the brain from the senses gets sent to relevant locations throughout the brain
-regulation of eating, drinking, body temperature, aggression, and sexual behavior

61
Q

hippocampus

A

formation of memories and spatial navigation

62
Q

amygdala

A

strong emotions

63
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

planning, controlling impulses, and considering the long-term consequences of actions.

64
Q

mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

runs from a small subcortical area called the nucleus accumbens and travels to the frontal cortex

65
Q

A ______ is found in the central nervous system, whereas a ______ is found in the peripheral nervous system.

A

tract, nerve

66
Q

Which section of the human brain is largest?

A

forebrain

67
Q

Which region of the brain is the last to develop?

A

prefrontal cortex

68
Q

Which neurotransmitter is important for activity in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway?

A

dopamine

69
Q

You hear a loud noise outside your apartment. Your heart starts racing and you begin breathing rapidly. What has been activated?

A

sympathetic nervous system

70
Q

Drugs of abuse can release up to ______ times the amount of dopamine that occurs with natural rewards (such as food or sex).

A

10

Psychology (12 decks)

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