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Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulants

A

cocaine, amphetamine & methamphetamine, and MDMA (ecstasy)

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2
Q

Cocaine

A

1860s

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3
Q

cocaine routes of administration

A

chew the coca leaves, short powder, injection, freebase, smoke

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4
Q

short powder

A

soak & crush leaves: make a paste

paste is made water soluble with acids = cocaine hydrochloride

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5
Q

injection cocaine

A

intravenous cocaine hydrochloride

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6
Q

freebase cocaine

A

treat cocaine hydrochloride with ether and smoke

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7
Q

smoke

A

crack, cocaine hydrochloride is mixed with baking soda

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8
Q

cocaine effects

A
  • within 5 mins after snorting, feeling of exhilaration, well-being, and energy
  • sensation of clearer-thoughts & perception
  • enhance sexual activity
  • increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased temperature, bronchodilation, decreased appetite
  • motor effects
  • acute tolerance
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9
Q

cocaine last

A

20-30mins

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10
Q

motor effects

A

repetitive movements that have no function, head bobbing, sniffing, rearing, biting

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11
Q

cocaine withdrawal

A

no physical just craving

-depression

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12
Q

cocaine depression

A

depends on length of use & dose, with chronic use, clinical depression may develop, treat with anti-depressants

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13
Q

Harmful effects of cocaine

A

chronic use leads to liver damage in animals

  • inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membrane in the nose (could cause permanent damage to septum)
  • drug runs
  • intense cardiovascular effects that may lead to overdose
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14
Q

drug runs

A

intense compulsion to take drug

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15
Q

Caine Reaction

A

1) initial excitement, headache, nausea, vomiting, convulsion
2) unconsciousness, respiratory depression, cardiac failure

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16
Q

Where does cocaine work in the brain?

A

causes release of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
-blocks dopamine re-uptakes in the nucleus accumbent

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17
Q

dopamine re-uptakes

A

NT gets recycled back and used again

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18
Q

history of amphetamine

A
  • chemically related to ma huang (active ingredient = ephedrine)
  • synthesized in 1887, first tested in 1910
  • used in the mid-1900s as an antidepressant, appetite suppresent, and stimulant for prolonged alertness
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19
Q

Distribution and excretion of amphetamine

A

-easily crosses into brain
-amphetamine has a half life of of 7-14 hours
while meth has a half life of 12 hours

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20
Q

where does amphetamine work in the brain?

A

causes release of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

  • blocks dopamine re-uptakes in the nucleus accumbent
  • causes transmitters to “leak out” (slow trickle of dopamine)
  • increase release of NT
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21
Q

why does amphetamine last longer

A

transmitters leak out

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22
Q

Effects of amphetamine

A
  • people feel a sense of well-being and exhilaration
  • decrease in fatigue & an increase in energy
  • increase in: heart rate, blood pressure, temp
  • bronchodilation, and decreased in appetite
  • motor effects
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23
Q

sleep and performance amphetamine

A

stimulants keep you awake and prolonged use causes insomnia

  • amphetamine reliably improve performance on various task/skills
  • -increased endurance, diminished fatigue
  • amphetamine improves visual acuity and may also improve auditory acuity
24
Q

amphetamine tolerance

A

acute tolerance develops with IV use

  • chronic tolerance can develop
  • -chronic users can increase their dose over LD50
  • sensitization may occur
  • -motor effects
25
amphetamine withdrawal
"letdown": after a single dose period of depression and lethery develops - -related to dose & route - with chronic use, clinical depression may develop
26
Methamphetamine
smoked, injected, snorted, oral, rectally | -people tend to binge, tolerance rapidly develops
27
smoked meth
ICE, may last for 12 hours or more
28
injected meth
IV, intense rush for a few mins
29
snorted meth
effects within 3-5 mins
30
oral meth
effects within 15-20 mins
31
rectally meth
mixed with water, intense rush
32
Amphetamine psychosis
* high doses of amphetamine can result in amphetamine psychosis - indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia - violent behavior * "crank bugs
33
Crank bugs
they think bugs are crawling on them
34
Methamphetamine on the brain
damages axons and terminal buttons - dopamine and serotonin containing neurons - hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex - continues for @ least 2 years in animal models - may result in neuronal death
35
hippocampus
memory and learning
36
nucleus accumbens
reward
37
frontal cortex
decision making
38
harmful effects of meth
- prolonged use: paranoid psychotic behavior - increased blood pressure can cause strokes in susceptible people - chronic IV use: irregular heartbeat and increased blood pressure can lead to internal bleeding and strokes - problems associated with IV drugs (AIDS/HIV; hepatitis)
39
MDMA-"ecstasy"
*molly (a more pure MDMA) | synthesized in 1914
40
Pharmacokinetics
reaches peak levels in 1-2 hours - effects las 3-6 hours - takes over 40 hours to be excreted
41
half life of MDMA
8 hours
42
MDMA effects
hallucinations increase with dose - enhanced awareness of emotions & sensations - euphoria - sharpened perceptions - greater extraversion & closeness with people - rapid tolerance (good for weekends)
43
mechanism of action of MDMA
causes serotonin within 30-45 mins after use - continues for about 3 hours until no more serotonin is available for release - causes dopamine release - causes norepinephrine release
44
MDMA withdrawal
about 60% of people report withdrawal symptoms | -fatigue loss of appetite, depressed feelings, irritability and trouble concentrating
45
Serotonin Neuronal damage in primates after MDMA
5mg/kg twice daily for 4 days caused marked serotonin damage
46
PET Scans of MDMA
14 users who do not use MDMA for at least 3 weeks - significant reduction in serotonin "transporters" - significant damage to serotonin neurons
47
Effects MDMA has on memory
24 chronic users who had not used in 2 weeks - standard memory test - significant impairments in visual and verbal memory in users compared to non-users - the more MDMA used, the worse the deficits memory
48
Addictiveness of MDMA
physically and psychologically addictive - causes a significant & potentially fatal rise in body temp - hyperthermia - dehydration - Do not take with MAO inhibitor (antidepressant) - Do not take with HIV medication
49
ADHD
among children with ADHD, 62% were taking ADHD medication - the percent of children 2-17 years of age with ADHD who received behavioral treatment was 47% - among children 2-17 years of age with current ADHD, about 77% were receiving treatment
50
ADHD medication
methylphenidate (ritalin, concerta, daytrana) | -potency between amphetamine and caffeine
51
ADHD mediation that is amphetamine
adderall, dexedrine, Vyanse, Strattera, nicotine
52
adderall
mixture of different forms of amphetamine
53
dexedrine
d-amphetamine
54
vyvanse
- inactive form of d-amphetamine | - broke down into amino acids and amphetamine
55
Strattera
- norepinephrine neuptake inhibitor | - adolescents and adults
56
nicotine
in adults, nicotine patch reduces ADHD symptoms and improves performance on cognitive symptoms - nicotine patch & methylphenidate improves ADHD symptoms better than either alone (only tested in adult smokers) - nicotine patch is also effective in adolescent smokers (small sample size)
57
ongoing research questions ADHD
what is the cause of ADHD? what are the long term consequences of early stimulant use? -neuronal development -risk for later substance use

Psychology (12 decks)

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