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anatomy and physiology semester 1 > tissues: the living fabric > Flashcards

tissues: the living fabric Flashcards

1
Q

what is histology

A

the study of tissues

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2
Q

what are the three steps to preparing tissue

A

1.) fix tissue in formaldehyde
2.) section the tissue into longitudinal/cross sections
3.) stain the tissue in different colors

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3
Q

what does formaldehyde do to tissues

A

denatures the proteins present in the tissue

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4
Q

what is used to help support the tissue when the tissue is sectioned

A

wax

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5
Q

what is the most common tissue stain

A

H (purple) and E (pink)

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6
Q

what are the four primary tissues

A

epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous

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7
Q

what does nervous tissue do

A

control, internal communication

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8
Q

what does epithelial tissue do

A

cover, form boundaries between different environments

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9
Q

what does connective tissue do

A

support, protect, and binds other tissues together

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10
Q

what does muscle tissue do

A

move, contracts to cause movement

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11
Q

what does epithelial tissue mean

A

on top - layer/membrane

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12
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

very cellular (little extracellular space), avascular (no blood vessels), very regenerative (mitosis occurs frequently), polar

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13
Q

what makes epithelial tissue polar

A

the basal and apical surfaces

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14
Q

what is a basal surface

A

tissue that is attached to connective tissues at the basal membrane

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15
Q

what is the apical surface

A

tissue that is exposed at the top/the free edge

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of epithelium

A

simple and stratified

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17
Q

how are tissues named

A

according to the shape of the cell on the apical layer

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18
Q

describe the shape of squamous cells

A

flat

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19
Q

describe the shape of cuboidal cells

A

cube

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20
Q

describe the shape of columnar cells

A

column

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21
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium

A

filtration and exchange

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22
Q

where are simple squamous epithelium tissues found

A

lung air sacs, lining blood vessels, membranes in the ventral body cavity, kidney function

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23
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

absorption and secretion

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24
Q

where are simple cuboidal epithelium tissues found

A

kidney tubules, small glands/ducts, the ovary surface

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25
Q

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption and secretion

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26
Q

where are simple columnar epithelium found

A

gastrointestinal tract lining, glands, uterine lining

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27
Q

what are goblet cells

A

single cell glands that secrete mucus

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28
Q

what are goblet cells named for

A

their shape

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29
Q

what is pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

tissue that looks stratified but is simple

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30
Q

what is the only epithelium that has cilia

A

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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31
Q

where is pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium found

A

the respiratory tract

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32
Q

where are all pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium attached to

A

the basement membrane

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33
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

a wear and tear barrier because of the thickness of the tissue

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34
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelium found

A

lining of the mouth, anus, esophagus, vagina, urethra (wherever tissue is exposed to the surface of the body)

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35
Q

what is functional epithelium

A

tissue that changes shape as the function of the tissue changes

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36
Q

where is functional epithelium found

A

ureters and bladder

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37
Q

when functional epithelium is stretched, what type of tissue does it appear as

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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38
Q

when functional tissue is relaxed, what type of tissue does it appear as

A

stratified cuboidal

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39
Q

where is stratified cuboidal tissue found

A

glands, ovarian follicles

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40
Q

where is stratified columnar tissue found

A

recto-anal and esophageal stomach junctions

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41
Q

what do glands do

A

secrete something

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42
Q

what is a unicellular gland

A

a 1 cell gland

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43
Q

are most glands unicellular or multicellular

A

multicellular

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44
Q

merocrine vs holocrine

A

vesicles vs whole cell rupture

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45
Q

simple vs compound

A

one duct vs more than one duct

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46
Q

tubular vs alveolar/acinar

A

tube like vs sac-like shape

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47
Q

what do endocrine glands do

A

secrete hormones through the basement membrane

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48
Q

what are the three types of epithelial membranes

A

cutaneous, mucous, serous

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49
Q

what is the cutaneous membrane

A

the skin, a dry membrane with two parts (dermis and epidermis)

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50
Q

what is the mucous membrane

A

a membrane that is moist, exposed to the surface, and has mucus

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51
Q

what is the serous membrane

A

a membrane that is watery, moist, and not exposed

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52
Q

what are the characteristics of muscle tissue (4)

A

packed with cells, excitable, contractile, and elastic

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53
Q

what does excitable mean

A

can be stimulated

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54
Q

what does contractile mean

A

can be shortened

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55
Q

what does elastic mean

A

can be stretched and bounce back (recoil)

56
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

57
Q

what does skeletal muscle look like (4)

A

large, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate cells

58
Q

is skeletal muscle voluntary

A

yes, you can consciously control it

59
Q

what is skeletal muscle attached to

A

bone (but some is attached to the skin)

60
Q

what does cardiac muscle look like

A

mid-sized, branched, cylindrical, striated, 1-2 nucleated cells

61
Q

what is the purpose of intercalated discs

A

intercalated discs is where cardiac muscle is attached to and is connected to gap junctions to allow muscles to contract as one unit

62
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary

A

no, you can’t consciously control it

63
Q

what is smooth muscle defined by

A

not being striated

64
Q

what does smooth muscle look like

A

small, spindle-shaped, non-striated, 1 nucleated cells

65
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary

A

no, you can’t consciously control it

66
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

in the linings of internal hollow organs

67
Q

what is the most abundant and diverse tissue

A

connective tissue

68
Q

what is the most important characteristic of connective tissue

A

the predominate extracellular matrix

69
Q

what is the extracellular matrix full of

A

fibers and group substances

70
Q

what 3 fibers are present in the extra cellular matrix

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

71
Q

what are fibers

A

protein strands

72
Q

what does collagen do

A

gives tensile strength

73
Q

what does elastic fiber do

A

gives muscle the ability to stretch and recoil

74
Q

what is reticular fiber

A

a “mesh/network” of thin fibers (collagen-like)

75
Q

what is in ground substance (3)

A

tissue fluid, cell adhesion molecules, proteoglycan molecules

76
Q

what does tissue fluid contain

A

water and various solutes

77
Q

what are CAMs

A

a type of protein molecule that help cells adhere

78
Q

what is the core of proteoglycan molecules

A

proteins

79
Q

where are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A

the ground substance in an extracellular matrix

80
Q

what do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) do

A

hold onto water

81
Q

what do “blasts” cells do

A

make connective tissue

82
Q

what do fibroblasts do

A

make fibrous connective tissue

83
Q

can fibroblasts ever become fibrocytes

A

no because fibroblasts are always active

84
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

make bone

85
Q

what do chondroblasts do

A

make cartilage

86
Q

what do hemocytoblasts do

A

make blood

87
Q

where are “cytes” cells found

A

in mature connective tissue

88
Q

what are “cytes” cells

A

“blasts” cells found in mature connective tissue

89
Q

what are the 3 migrants that migrate into the CT from the blood

A

WBCs, macrophages, and mast cells

90
Q

what are mast cells involved in

A

inflammation

91
Q

what do mast cells secrete (3)

A

heparin, protease enzymes, histamines

92
Q

what are the 3 kinds of loose connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

93
Q

what is areolar connective tissue

A

tissue with a few fibers and lots of ground substance

94
Q

where is areolar connective tissue found

A

deep to the epithelium

95
Q

what is adipose connective tissue

A

areolar tissue that is taken over by adipocytes

96
Q

where is the little cytoplasm found

A

at the edge of adipose c.t. cells

97
Q

why do we see empty space in adipose tissue

A

the inclusion of fat droplets

98
Q

what happens to adipose tissue cells when weight is gained/lost

A

cells increase/decrease in size

99
Q

what is white fat

A

tissue with 1 large droplet of fat in cells (the majority of adipose tissue)

100
Q

what is brown fat

A

tissue that has many small fat droplets and many mitochondria in cells

101
Q

what is brown adipose fat most important for

A

infants

102
Q

what does reticular tissue form

A

mesh

103
Q

what does reticular fibers do

A

support tissue for blood cells in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes

104
Q

what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

105
Q

what is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue

A

dense tissue has more fibers

106
Q

what is dense regular connective tissue described by

A

collagen fibers going in the same direction

107
Q

where is dense regular connective tissue found

A

tendons, ligaments

108
Q

what is dense irregular tissue described by

A

collagen fibers going in different directions

109
Q

where is dense irregular tissue found

A

dermis, capsules of internal organs

110
Q

what is elastic connective tissue made of

A

elastic fibers

111
Q

where is elastic connective tissue found

A

large blood vessels, ligaments, vocal cords

112
Q

what is cartilage

A

a type of connective tissue

113
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of cartilage

A

there are fibers present, there is specialized ground substance, it is avascular, it is made of chondrocytes in lacunae

114
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

115
Q

describe hyaline cartilage and where it is found

A

hazy, glassy appearance
found in: joints, ribs, nose, trachea, larynx

116
Q

describe elastic cartilage and where it is found

A

cartilage with lots of elastic fibers
found in: ear, epiglottis

117
Q

describe fibrocartilage and where it is found

A

lots of collagen fibers (makes extra strong)
found in: intervertebral discs, pubic joint, knee menisci

118
Q

how does bone differ in composition from cartilage

A

has a calcified matrix

119
Q

what does calcified matrix do to the bone

A

the calcium deposits make the bone firm

120
Q

what are bone cells

A

osteocytes found in lacunae

121
Q

what are the 2 types of bone

A

spongy and compact

122
Q

what is compact bone

A

bone with layers (lamellae)

123
Q

what does plasma have

A

extracellular matrix

124
Q

when does blood have fibers

A

when it clots

125
Q

when is blood without fibers

A

when blood is flowing

126
Q

what are the 3 formed elements of blood

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

127
Q

what are RBCs made of

A

erythrocytes (red)

128
Q

what are WBCs made of

A

leukocytes (white)

129
Q

what are platelets made of

A

thrombocytes

130
Q

what are thrombocytes

A

cell fragments

131
Q

what is the function of nervous tissue

A

communication

132
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of nervous tissue

A

packed with cells (cellular), neurons receive and transmit messages, neurons and supporting cells are the overall makeup of nervous tissue

133
Q

what is spongy bone

A

internal layer of skeletal bone, also called cancellous bone

134
Q

what are glial cells

A

supporting cells that have a 10x greater presence than neurons

135
Q

what are the parts of a neuron

A

cell body (soma), axon, dendrite

anatomy and physiology semester 1 (13 decks)

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