tissues: the living fabric Flashcards
1
Q
what is histology
A
the study of tissues
2
Q
what are the three steps to preparing tissue
A
1.) fix tissue in formaldehyde
2.) section the tissue into longitudinal/cross sections
3.) stain the tissue in different colors
3
Q
what does formaldehyde do to tissues
A
denatures the proteins present in the tissue
4
Q
what is used to help support the tissue when the tissue is sectioned
A
wax
5
Q
what is the most common tissue stain
A
H (purple) and E (pink)
6
Q
what are the four primary tissues
A
epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous
7
Q
what does nervous tissue do
A
control, internal communication
8
Q
what does epithelial tissue do
A
cover, form boundaries between different environments
9
Q
what does connective tissue do
A
support, protect, and binds other tissues together
10
Q
what does muscle tissue do
A
move, contracts to cause movement
11
Q
what does epithelial tissue mean
A
on top - layer/membrane
12
Q
what are the 4 characteristics of epithelial tissue
A
very cellular (little extracellular space), avascular (no blood vessels), very regenerative (mitosis occurs frequently), polar
13
Q
what makes epithelial tissue polar
A
the basal and apical surfaces
14
Q
what is a basal surface
A
tissue that is attached to connective tissues at the basal membrane
15
Q
what is the apical surface
A
tissue that is exposed at the top/the free edge
16
Q
what are the 2 types of epithelium
A
simple and stratified
17
Q
how are tissues named
A
according to the shape of the cell on the apical layer
18
Q
describe the shape of squamous cells
A
flat
19
Q
describe the shape of cuboidal cells
A
cube
20
Q
describe the shape of columnar cells
A
column
21
Q
what is the function of simple squamous epithelium
A
filtration and exchange
22
Q
where are simple squamous epithelium tissues found
A
lung air sacs, lining blood vessels, membranes in the ventral body cavity, kidney function
23
Q
what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium
A
absorption and secretion
24
Q
where are simple cuboidal epithelium tissues found
A
kidney tubules, small glands/ducts, the ovary surface
25
what is the function of simple columnar epithelium
absorption and secretion
26
where are simple columnar epithelium found
gastrointestinal tract lining, glands, uterine lining
27
what are goblet cells
single cell glands that secrete mucus
28
what are goblet cells named for
their shape
29
what is pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
tissue that looks stratified but is simple
30
what is the only epithelium that has cilia
pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
31
where is pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium found
the respiratory tract
32
where are all pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium attached to
the basement membrane
33
what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium
a wear and tear barrier because of the thickness of the tissue
34
where is stratified squamous epithelium found
lining of the mouth, anus, esophagus, vagina, urethra (wherever tissue is exposed to the surface of the body)
35
what is functional epithelium
tissue that changes shape as the function of the tissue changes
36
where is functional epithelium found
ureters and bladder
37
when functional epithelium is stretched, what type of tissue does it appear as
stratified squamous epithelium
38
when functional tissue is relaxed, what type of tissue does it appear as
stratified cuboidal
39
where is stratified cuboidal tissue found
glands, ovarian follicles
40
where is stratified columnar tissue found
recto-anal and esophageal stomach junctions
41
what do glands do
secrete something
42
what is a unicellular gland
a 1 cell gland
43
are most glands unicellular or multicellular
multicellular
44
merocrine vs holocrine
vesicles vs whole cell rupture
45
simple vs compound
one duct vs more than one duct
46
tubular vs alveolar/acinar
tube like vs sac-like shape
47
what do endocrine glands do
secrete hormones through the basement membrane
48
what are the three types of epithelial membranes
cutaneous, mucous, serous
49
what is the cutaneous membrane
the skin, a dry membrane with two parts (dermis and epidermis)
50
what is the mucous membrane
a membrane that is moist, exposed to the surface, and has mucus
51
what is the serous membrane
a membrane that is watery, moist, and not exposed
52
what are the characteristics of muscle tissue (4)
packed with cells, excitable, contractile, and elastic
53
what does excitable mean
can be stimulated
54
what does contractile mean
can be shortened
55
what does elastic mean
can be stretched and bounce back (recoil)
56
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
57
what does skeletal muscle look like (4)
large, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate cells
58
is skeletal muscle voluntary
yes, you can consciously control it
59
what is skeletal muscle attached to
bone (but some is attached to the skin)
60
what does cardiac muscle look like
mid-sized, branched, cylindrical, striated, 1-2 nucleated cells
61
what is the purpose of intercalated discs
intercalated discs is where cardiac muscle is attached to and is connected to gap junctions to allow muscles to contract as one unit
62
is cardiac muscle voluntary
no, you can't consciously control it
63
what is smooth muscle defined by
not being striated
64
what does smooth muscle look like
small, spindle-shaped, non-striated, 1 nucleated cells
65
is smooth muscle voluntary
no, you can't consciously control it
66
where is smooth muscle found
in the linings of internal hollow organs
67
what is the most abundant and diverse tissue
connective tissue
68
what is the most important characteristic of connective tissue
the predominate extracellular matrix
69
what is the extracellular matrix full of
fibers and group substances
70
what 3 fibers are present in the extra cellular matrix
collagen, elastic, reticular
71
what are fibers
protein strands
72
what does collagen do
gives tensile strength
73
what does elastic fiber do
gives muscle the ability to stretch and recoil
74
what is reticular fiber
a "mesh/network" of thin fibers (collagen-like)
75
what is in ground substance (3)
tissue fluid, cell adhesion molecules, proteoglycan molecules
76
what does tissue fluid contain
water and various solutes
77
what are CAMs
a type of protein molecule that help cells adhere
78
what is the core of proteoglycan molecules
proteins
79
where are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
the ground substance in an extracellular matrix
80
what do glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) do
hold onto water
81
what do "blasts" cells do
make connective tissue
82
what do fibroblasts do
make fibrous connective tissue
83
can fibroblasts ever become fibrocytes
no because fibroblasts are always active
84
what do osteoblasts do
make bone
85
what do chondroblasts do
make cartilage
86
what do hemocytoblasts do
make blood
87
where are "cytes" cells found
in mature connective tissue
88
what are "cytes" cells
"blasts" cells found in mature connective tissue
89
what are the 3 migrants that migrate into the CT from the blood
WBCs, macrophages, and mast cells
90
what are mast cells involved in
inflammation
91
what do mast cells secrete (3)
heparin, protease enzymes, histamines
92
what are the 3 kinds of loose connective tissue
areolar, adipose, reticular
93
what is areolar connective tissue
tissue with a few fibers and lots of ground substance
94
where is areolar connective tissue found
deep to the epithelium
95
what is adipose connective tissue
areolar tissue that is taken over by adipocytes
96
where is the little cytoplasm found
at the edge of adipose c.t. cells
97
why do we see empty space in adipose tissue
the inclusion of fat droplets
98
what happens to adipose tissue cells when weight is gained/lost
cells increase/decrease in size
99
what is white fat
tissue with 1 large droplet of fat in cells (the majority of adipose tissue)
100
what is brown fat
tissue that has many small fat droplets and many mitochondria in cells
101
what is brown adipose fat most important for
infants
102
what does reticular tissue form
mesh
103
what does reticular fibers do
support tissue for blood cells in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
104
what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
105
what is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue
dense tissue has more fibers
106
what is dense regular connective tissue described by
collagen fibers going in the same direction
107
where is dense regular connective tissue found
tendons, ligaments
108
what is dense irregular tissue described by
collagen fibers going in different directions
109
where is dense irregular tissue found
dermis, capsules of internal organs
110
what is elastic connective tissue made of
elastic fibers
111
where is elastic connective tissue found
large blood vessels, ligaments, vocal cords
112
what is cartilage
a type of connective tissue
113
what are the 4 characteristics of cartilage
there are fibers present, there is specialized ground substance, it is avascular, it is made of chondrocytes in lacunae
114
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
115
describe hyaline cartilage and where it is found
hazy, glassy appearance
found in: joints, ribs, nose, trachea, larynx
116
describe elastic cartilage and where it is found
cartilage with lots of elastic fibers
found in: ear, epiglottis
117
describe fibrocartilage and where it is found
lots of collagen fibers (makes extra strong)
found in: intervertebral discs, pubic joint, knee menisci
118
how does bone differ in composition from cartilage
has a calcified matrix
119
what does calcified matrix do to the bone
the calcium deposits make the bone firm
120
what are bone cells
osteocytes found in lacunae
121
what are the 2 types of bone
spongy and compact
122
what is compact bone
bone with layers (lamellae)
123
what does plasma have
extracellular matrix
124
when does blood have fibers
when it clots
125
when is blood without fibers
when blood is flowing
126
what are the 3 formed elements of blood
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
127
what are RBCs made of
erythrocytes (red)
128
what are WBCs made of
leukocytes (white)
129
what are platelets made of
thrombocytes
130
what are thrombocytes
cell fragments
131
what is the function of nervous tissue
communication
132
what are the 3 characteristics of nervous tissue
packed with cells (cellular), neurons receive and transmit messages, neurons and supporting cells are the overall makeup of nervous tissue
133
what is spongy bone
internal layer of skeletal bone, also called cancellous bone
134
what are glial cells
supporting cells that have a 10x greater presence than neurons
135
what are the parts of a neuron
cell body (soma), axon, dendrite
