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anatomy and physiology semester 1 > muscle physiology > Flashcards

muscle physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are three characteristics of muscle tissue

A

excitable, contractile, elastic

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2
Q

what are the three types of muscle tissue

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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3
Q

what are the parts of skeletal muscle

A

belly, origin, insertion

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4
Q

what is the belly of skeletal muscle

A

the thickest part of the muscle

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5
Q

what is the origin of skeletal muscle

A

proximal/less moveable end

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6
Q

what is the insertion of skeletal muscle

A

proximal/less moveable end

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7
Q

what is the endomysium

A

the connective tissue that is around each muscle cell/fiber

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8
Q

what is the periomysium

A

the connective tissue that is around each fasicle (grouping)

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9
Q

what is the epimysium

A

the connective tissue that is around the entire muscle

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10
Q

where is internal tension

A

within cells

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11
Q

where is external tension and what does it do

A

on the bones to move something

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12
Q

what do muscles move

A

the skeleton, skin

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13
Q

what does muscle tone maintain

A

posture, support joints

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14
Q

what produces heat

A

muscle metabolism

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15
Q

how much of the body’s heat is produced from muscle metabolism

A

80%

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16
Q

what is sarcolemma

A

the muscle membrane

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17
Q

what are transverse (T) tubules

A

pits that go deep off the membrane

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18
Q

what is the sarcoplasm

A

muscle cytoplasm

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19
Q

what are myofibrils

A

cylindrical subunits of contractile protein filaments

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20
Q

what is a terminal cisternae

A

“end containers”
the widening of sacroplasmic reticulum near the t tubule

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21
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum contain

A

smooth er, terminal cisternae, calcium ions

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22
Q

what is glycogen

A

starch, chains of glucose

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23
Q

what does myoglobin do

A

transfers oxygen

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24
Q

do muscle cells have lots of mitochondria

A

yes

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25
Q

where are muscle cell nuclei located

A

at/near the sarcolemma

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26
Q

what is in thick myofilaments

A

myosin

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27
Q

what are myofilaments made of

A

proteins

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28
Q

what is in thin myofilaments

A

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

29
Q

what are the three parts of troponin

A

I, T, C (all polypeptides)

30
Q

what does the I polypeptide bind to

A

actin

31
Q

what does the T polypeptide bind to

A

tropomyosin

32
Q

what does the C polypeptide bind to

A

calcium

33
Q

what are A bands dark from

A

thick (myosin) filaments

34
Q

why is the H zone in A bands pale

A

there are no thin filaments

35
Q

why are I bands pale

A

there are no thick (myosin) filaments

36
Q

what is the Z disc/line

A

where thin filaments are connected to each other

37
Q

what is the sarcomere

A

the distancebetween adjacent Z disks

38
Q

what happens to I bands when there is contraction

A

they get smaller

39
Q

what happens to the H zone when there is contraction

A

it disappears

40
Q

what happens to A bands when there is contraction

A

they stay the same because it is the length of the thick filaments

41
Q

what happens to the sarcomere when there is contraction

A

it shortens

42
Q

what does the alpha motor neuron do

A

stimulates muscle fibers

43
Q

what is a motor unit

A

1 alpha motor neuron and all muscle fivers that it innerves

44
Q

how many and what type of motor neurons does fine control require

A

many small motor units

45
Q

how many and what type of motor neurons does gross control require

A

few large motor units

46
Q

what is the synaptic knob

A

a widened neuron ending

47
Q

where is acetylcholine (ACh) found

A

in membrane bound vesicles

48
Q

what is acetylchlinesterase (AChE)

A

an enzyme that breaks apart ACh

49
Q

where is the motor end plate

A

on muscle membranes (sarcolemma)

50
Q

what do junctional folds do

A

increase surface area

51
Q

where are ACh receptors

A

ACh gated ion channels

52
Q

what is the resting potential of muscle

A

-90 mV

53
Q

what is the resting potential of neurons

A

-70 mV

54
Q

why is there a membrane potential

A

because of the sodium-potassium pumps and gradient

55
Q

what is an action potential

A

a change in the membrane charge

56
Q

how does a muscle get stimulated by a neuron (8 steps)

A

1.) action potential from neuron reaches the synaptic knob
2.) the action potential in a neuron opens the voltage gates calcium channels in the neuron knob
3.) calcium diffuses into the neuron
4.) the increase in calcium induces exocytosis of ACh from neuron
5.) ACh diffuses to the ACh receptor on the sarcolemma
6.) ACh receptors allow sodium to diffuse into the cell and potassium to diffuse out of the cell
7.) the muscle cells creates an action potential
8.) the process stops by ACh being broken apart by AChE

57
Q

what are the steps to excitation-contraction coupling (8)

A

1.) action potential is recreated along the sarcolemma and down T tubules
2.) an action potential opens the voltage-gated calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
3.) Calcium diffuses out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding to troponin, and moving through tropomyosin, exposing binding sites on the actin filament
4.) myosin heads bind to actin
5.) myosin heads bend and release previously attached ADP and phosphate
6.) ATP attached to myosin head to release cross bridge
7.) the myosin head recocks
8.) the process continues as the action potential is releasing calcium around myofilaments and ATP is available

58
Q

what happens during rigor mortis

A

there is a lack of ATP causing the calcium pumps to stop working, calcium to increase around actin and myosin, exposing binding sites, and not releasing

59
Q

what is nerve gas

A

AChE is no longer working so ACh stays at the neurotransmitter junction, keeping the muscle contracted

60
Q

what is a muscle twitch

A

a rapid “jerk” response to a single stimulus

61
Q

what causes the muscle to twitch

A

a stimulus above the threshold

62
Q

what happens during the latent period of a muscle twitch

A

calcium releases from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, exposing binding sites at crossbridges

63
Q

what happens during the contraction period of a muscle twitch

A

actin and myosin interact and the muscle shortens

64
Q

what happens during the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch

A

there is no muscle action potential –> there is a decrease in calcium through the calcium pump –> cover binding sites and ATP is released –> the muscle stops contracting

65
Q

when does wave summation happen

A

when the stimulus frequency is changed

66
Q

what is tetanus

A

a sustained contraction

67
Q

why do contractions continue to grow

A

because calcium is maintained

68
Q

what is recruitment

A

multiple motor unit summation

anatomy and physiology semester 1 (13 decks)

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