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anatomy and physiology semester 1 > nervous physiology > Flashcards

nervous physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the information pathway

A

sensory information is sent to the CNS, where it is integrated into motor information and sent away from the CNS

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2
Q

afferent pathway

A

sensory information sent TO the CNS

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3
Q

efferent pathway

A

motor information sent AWAY from the CNS

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4
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

PNS

A

nerves and ganglia

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6
Q

what part of the nervous system takes in and sends out information

A

PNS

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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8
Q

is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

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9
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

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11
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

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12
Q

where are neurons found in the CNS

A

white matter

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13
Q

where are neurons found in the PNS

A

nerves

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14
Q

where are somas located in the PNS

A

ganglia

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15
Q

what do dendrites do

A

increase the surface area for receiving messages and catch graded potentials

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16
Q

what do axons do

A

carry out action potentials

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17
Q

what is myelin

A

a wrapping of cell membranes that are made of phospholipids

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18
Q

what does myelin do

A

increases the transmission rate of action potentials

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19
Q

neuroglia

A

supporting cells that outnumber neurons (about 10 to 1)

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20
Q

what neuroglia are found in the CNS

A

astrocyte, microglial, ependymal, and oligodendrocyte

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21
Q

what neuroglia are found in the PNS

A

schwaan, satellite

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22
Q

astrocyte

A

star cells that brace and support neurons and blood vessels, forms the blood-brain barrier

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23
Q

microglial

A

small, glue cells that defend the CNA and clean up damage, are motile

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24
Q

ependymal

A

cells that line the fluid-filled cavities in the CNS, lined with cilia

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25
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

branches of cells that myelinate

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26
Q

schwaan cells

A

multiple small single cells that wrap their membranes around an axon

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27
Q

satellite

A

cells that support/surround somas only in ganglia

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28
Q

what 2 things are neurons classified by

A

structure, function

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29
Q

multipolar neurons

A

most common, 99% of all neurons

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30
Q

bipolar neurons

A

rare, for sensory information in retina and nose

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31
Q

unipolar neurons

A

sensory neuron

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32
Q

sensory neuron function

A

bring information to the CNS, unipolar/bipolar

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33
Q

motor neuron function

A

bring information out of the CNS, multipolar

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34
Q

interneuron/association neuron function

A

within the CNS, multipolar

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35
Q

voltage (V)

A

the separation of charged particles (ions) the particles that are moving

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36
Q

resistance (R)

A

the hindering of charges particle flow from cell membranes

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37
Q

current (i)

A

the flow of charged particles (ions) across the membrane

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38
Q

ohm’s law equation

A

current = voltage/resistance

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39
Q

gated channels

A

channels that can be open or closed

40
Q

ligand/chemical gated channels

A

a chemical binds to open or close a channel

41
Q

voltage gated channels

A

if there is a charge change (v) across the membrane, the ion channel will open or close

42
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

a pull on the membrane channel with open/close the ion channel

43
Q

leakage channels

A

are always open, creates a constant slow current

44
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the charge across the membrane (mV)

45
Q

what ion is the membrane more permeable to at rest

A

potassium because of the leakage channels

46
Q

graded potentials

A

a localized change to the membrane charge (V)

47
Q

what does a big stimulus cause

A

more channels open –> bigger ion flow –> bigger voltage change

48
Q

what does a small stimulus cause

A

less channels open –> less ion flow –> smaller voltage change

49
Q

steps to a graded potential

A

1.) stimulus to cell
2.) induces ion channels to open up gated channels
3.) ions diffuse across the membrane at the current sink
4.) charge across the membrane

50
Q

what does sodium diffusing into a cell cause

A

less negative charge, depolarization

51
Q

what does potassium diffusing out of a cell cause

A

more negative charge, hyperpolarization

52
Q

what does chlorine diffusing into a cell cause

A

more negative charge, hyperpolarization

53
Q

what does calcium diffusing into a cell cause

A

less negative charge, depolarization

54
Q

how many areas of a membrane do local potentials affect

A

1 area

55
Q

decremental

A

potential voltage change decreases over a distance

56
Q

how is the potential reversed

A

diffusion of ions away, ions pumping out of the cell

57
Q

what do gated potentials add up to make

A

an action potential

58
Q

non-decremental

A

recreated at the same voltage down the membrane

59
Q

all or none rule (action potentials)

A

there is an action potential or there isn’t

60
Q

what are refractory periods

A

when action potentials are unable to occur

61
Q

absolute refractory period

A

the time frame when another action potential cannot occur

62
Q

relative refractory period

A

the time after an action potential when the stimulus that is needed to get to threshold is increased

63
Q

where is the action potential recreated on unmyelinated axons

A

along every part of the membrane

64
Q

where is the action potential recreated on myelinated axons

A

the nodes (skip from node to node)

65
Q

what does a bigger axon do for the action potential

A

bigger axon –> more ion flow –> increase in speed

66
Q

electrical synapse

A

the gap junction, important in nerves system development

67
Q

chemical synapse

A

predominated in the nervous system and uses neurotransmitters

68
Q

axo-dendritic/somatic/axonic

A

all the places where an axon attaches to a post synaptic cell

69
Q

where is ACh found

A

the neuromuscular junction, brain, and autonomic nervous system

70
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters

A

GABA, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamate

71
Q

GABA

A

the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, opens channels for chlorine to hyper-polarize

72
Q

what do amines contain

A

nitrogen

73
Q

amine neurotransmitters

A

catecholamines, serotonin, histamine

74
Q

conversion of catecholamines

A

catecholamine –> dopamine –> norepinephrine –> epinephrine

75
Q

serotonin

A

mood, sleep/wake, balance/coordination

76
Q

histmine

A

function of hypothalamus

77
Q

neuropeptides

A

chains of amino acids

78
Q

neuropeptide neurotransmitters

A

substance p, enorphins, enkephalins

79
Q

endorphins, enkephalins

A

inhibit pain

80
Q

substance p

A

pain signals

81
Q

how do gases work as neurotransmitters

A

as neuromodulators

82
Q

neuromodulator

A

a chemical that can change/regulate neurons that are no released at the synapse (do not have a receptor, diffuse and excite/inhibit)

83
Q

inotropic effect

A

the neurotransmitter opens an ion channel, allowing ions to diffuse across the post-synaptic membrane

84
Q

metabotropic effect

A

uses 2 messengers, 1st messenger outside the ell –> stimulates G protein –> 2 messenger inside the cell

85
Q

how does a signal stop

A

the neurotransmitter diffuses away, an enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter, reuptake by the presynaptic neuron

86
Q

synaptic delay

A

the more synapses that information has to pass through, the slower it happens

87
Q

excitatory post-synaptic potential (epsp)

A

a depolarization occurs increasing the chance of an action potential

88
Q

inhibitory post-synaptic potential (ipsp)

A

a hyperpolarization occurs decreasing the chance of an action potential

89
Q

summation

A

adding up all epsp and ipsp

90
Q

temporal summation

A

1 synapse firing repeatedly in a short time

91
Q

spatial summation

A

more than 1 synapse firing at a similar time

92
Q

when does an action potential occur

A

if the summation adds up to threshold (-55mV)

93
Q

facilitation

A

generalized neuron excitement –> increase of action potentials

94
Q

divergent pathway

A

few neurons –> many neurons

95
Q

convergent pathway

A

many neurons –> few neurons

anatomy and physiology semester 1 (13 decks)

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