Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy and physiology semester 1 > nervous physiology > Flashcards

nervous physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the information pathway

A

sensory information is sent to the CNS, where it is integrated into motor information and sent away from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

afferent pathway

A

sensory information sent TO the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

efferent pathway

A

motor information sent AWAY from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PNS

A

nerves and ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what part of the nervous system takes in and sends out information

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary

A

involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are neurons found in the CNS

A

white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where are neurons found in the PNS

A

nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where are somas located in the PNS

A

ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do dendrites do

A

increase the surface area for receiving messages and catch graded potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do axons do

A

carry out action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is myelin

A

a wrapping of cell membranes that are made of phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does myelin do

A

increases the transmission rate of action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neuroglia

A

supporting cells that outnumber neurons (about 10 to 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what neuroglia are found in the CNS

A

astrocyte, microglial, ependymal, and oligodendrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what neuroglia are found in the PNS

A

schwaan, satellite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

astrocyte

A

star cells that brace and support neurons and blood vessels, forms the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

microglial

A

small, glue cells that defend the CNA and clean up damage, are motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ependymal

A

cells that line the fluid-filled cavities in the CNS, lined with cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
oligodendrocyte
branches of cells that myelinate
26
schwaan cells
multiple small single cells that wrap their membranes around an axon
27
satellite
cells that support/surround somas only in ganglia
28
what 2 things are neurons classified by
structure, function
29
multipolar neurons
most common, 99% of all neurons
30
bipolar neurons
rare, for sensory information in retina and nose
31
unipolar neurons
sensory neuron
32
sensory neuron function
bring information to the CNS, unipolar/bipolar
33
motor neuron function
bring information out of the CNS, multipolar
34
interneuron/association neuron function
within the CNS, multipolar
35
voltage (V)
the separation of charged particles (ions) the particles that are moving
36
resistance (R)
the hindering of charges particle flow from cell membranes
37
current (i)
the flow of charged particles (ions) across the membrane
38
ohm's law equation
current = voltage/resistance
39
gated channels
channels that can be open or closed
40
ligand/chemical gated channels
a chemical binds to open or close a channel
41
voltage gated channels
if there is a charge change (v) across the membrane, the ion channel will open or close
42
mechanically gated channels
a pull on the membrane channel with open/close the ion channel
43
leakage channels
are always open, creates a constant slow current
44
resting membrane potential
the charge across the membrane (mV)
45
what ion is the membrane more permeable to at rest
potassium because of the leakage channels
46
graded potentials
a localized change to the membrane charge (V)
47
what does a big stimulus cause
more channels open --> bigger ion flow --> bigger voltage change
48
what does a small stimulus cause
less channels open --> less ion flow --> smaller voltage change
49
steps to a graded potential
1.) stimulus to cell 2.) induces ion channels to open up gated channels 3.) ions diffuse across the membrane at the current sink 4.) charge across the membrane
50
what does sodium diffusing into a cell cause
less negative charge, depolarization
51
what does potassium diffusing out of a cell cause
more negative charge, hyperpolarization
52
what does chlorine diffusing into a cell cause
more negative charge, hyperpolarization
53
what does calcium diffusing into a cell cause
less negative charge, depolarization
54
how many areas of a membrane do local potentials affect
1 area
55
decremental
potential voltage change decreases over a distance
56
how is the potential reversed
diffusion of ions away, ions pumping out of the cell
57
what do gated potentials add up to make
an action potential
58
non-decremental
recreated at the same voltage down the membrane
59
all or none rule (action potentials)
there is an action potential or there isn't
60
what are refractory periods
when action potentials are unable to occur
61
absolute refractory period
the time frame when another action potential cannot occur
62
relative refractory period
the time after an action potential when the stimulus that is needed to get to threshold is increased
63
where is the action potential recreated on unmyelinated axons
along every part of the membrane
64
where is the action potential recreated on myelinated axons
the nodes (skip from node to node)
65
what does a bigger axon do for the action potential
bigger axon --> more ion flow --> increase in speed
66
electrical synapse
the gap junction, important in nerves system development
67
chemical synapse
predominated in the nervous system and uses neurotransmitters
68
axo-dendritic/somatic/axonic
all the places where an axon attaches to a post synaptic cell
69
where is ACh found
the neuromuscular junction, brain, and autonomic nervous system
70
amino acid neurotransmitters
GABA, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamate
71
GABA
the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, opens channels for chlorine to hyper-polarize
72
what do amines contain
nitrogen
73
amine neurotransmitters
catecholamines, serotonin, histamine
74
conversion of catecholamines
catecholamine --> dopamine --> norepinephrine --> epinephrine
75
serotonin
mood, sleep/wake, balance/coordination
76
histmine
function of hypothalamus
77
neuropeptides
chains of amino acids
78
neuropeptide neurotransmitters
substance p, enorphins, enkephalins
79
endorphins, enkephalins
inhibit pain
80
substance p
pain signals
81
how do gases work as neurotransmitters
as neuromodulators
82
neuromodulator
a chemical that can change/regulate neurons that are no released at the synapse (do not have a receptor, diffuse and excite/inhibit)
83
inotropic effect
the neurotransmitter opens an ion channel, allowing ions to diffuse across the post-synaptic membrane
84
metabotropic effect
uses 2 messengers, 1st messenger outside the ell --> stimulates G protein --> 2 messenger inside the cell
85
how does a signal stop
the neurotransmitter diffuses away, an enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter, reuptake by the presynaptic neuron
86
synaptic delay
the more synapses that information has to pass through, the slower it happens
87
excitatory post-synaptic potential (epsp)
a depolarization occurs increasing the chance of an action potential
88
inhibitory post-synaptic potential (ipsp)
a hyperpolarization occurs decreasing the chance of an action potential
89
summation
adding up all epsp and ipsp
90
temporal summation
1 synapse firing repeatedly in a short time
91
spatial summation
more than 1 synapse firing at a similar time
92
when does an action potential occur
if the summation adds up to threshold (-55mV)
93
facilitation
generalized neuron excitement --> increase of action potentials
94
divergent pathway
few neurons --> many neurons
95
convergent pathway
many neurons --> few neurons

anatomy and physiology semester 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions