joints/articulations Flashcards
what are the three functional classifications of joints
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diathrosis
what is a synarthrosis joint
the together joint, immovable
what is an amphiarthrosis joint
the both/partial joint, partially moveable
what is a diathrosis joint
the two/separated joint, freely moveable
what are the three structural classifications of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
what is a fibrous joint
when collagen between the bones
what is a cartilaginous joint
when cartilage is connecting the bones
what is a synovial joint
when there is egg-like fluid between the bones
what are most fibrous joints classified as
synarthrosis
what are most cartilaginous joints classified as
amphiarthrosis
what are most synovial joints classified as
diarthrosis
what do articular/joint capsules do
surround synovial joints
what is a fibrous capsule made of
collagen
what is a synovial membrane made of
simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue
what does the synovial membrane do
filter and exchange the synovial fluid and blood
what is articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage
what does synovial fluid do
lubricates and nourishes hyaline cartilage
what do ligaments connect
bone to bone
what do tendons connect
muscle to bone
where are ligaments usually found
dense regular connective tissue
where are tendons usually found
dense regular connective tissue
what is bursitis
a damaged and inflamed tendon sheath
what is a tendon sheath
a bursal sac that wraps around a tendon
what is bursa
a flat sac that contains synovial fluid
what does the bursa do
decrease friction around the joint
where are plane joints found
wrist bones
where are hinge joints found
elbow and knee
where are pivot joints found
proximal radio-ulnar joint
where are condyloid joints found
round surfaces, the jaw
where are saddle joints found
the base of the thumb
where are ball and socket joints found
hip and shoulder
where does flexion and extension occur
the sagittal plane
flexion
to bend, decrease the joint angle
extension
to straighten, increase the joint angle
what joint movement is the body in during anatomical position
extension
what is hyperextension
beyond the anatomical position
where does abduction and adduction occur
coronal/frontal plane
abduction
away from the midline
adduction
towards the midline
where is rotation oriented from
the anterior
what parts of the body can rotate right and left
the head, torso
what parts of the body can rotate medial vs lateral
extremities
where does pronation and supination occur
the forearm
pronation
radius and ulna are crossed
supination
radius and ulna are parallel
is the anatomical position is pronation or supination
supination
where does plantarflexion and dorsiflexion occur
foot at ankle
plantarflexion
tip toe, foot on gas
dorsiflexion
heel walk, foot off gas
where does inversion and eversion occur
foot at ankle
inversion
sole/plantar surface medially
eversion
sole/plantar surface medially
protraction
anterior/forward/ventral
retraction
posterior/backward/dorsal
where does elevation and depression occur
mandible, shoulder
elevation
superiorly
depression
inferiorly
where does opposition occur
the thumb
what are the three major factors to range of motion
1.) the limit of muscles/tendons random of motion around a joint
2.) the fit of bones
3.) other connective tissues
what is counterbalance
between the range of motion vs joint stability
what kind of joint is the shoulder
gleno-humeral joint
what is the form of the shoulder joint
ball and socket
what stabilizes the shoulder
muscle
what do the rotator cuff muscles do
hold the humeral head into the glenoid cavity
where is the tendon of biceps long head
through the intertubercular sulcus
what kind of joint is the hip
acetabulo-femoral
what is the form of the hip joint
deep ball and socket
how does the hip joint stabilize
the fit and ligaments
what is the fit of the hip joint
a deep and large acetabular labrum
what are the ligaments of the hip
ligamentum teres, ileofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral
what does the ileofemoral ligament connect
ilium to femur
what does the ischiofemoral ligament connect
ischium to femur
what does the pubofemoral ligament connect
pubis to femur
what is the cause of an extending hip
tightening of ligaments due to twisting
what is the largest and most complex joint
the knee
what is the form of the knee joint
flat condyles, hinge
what stabilizes the knee joint
muscles with tendons and ligaments
what are collateral ligaments
ligaments found on both sides
what are he collateral ligaments found in the knee
tibial (medial) and fibular (lateral)
what are cruciate ligaments
ligaments that cross inside the joint capsule
what are the cruciate ligaments in the knee
anterior crucial ligament (ACL) and posterior crucial ligament (PCL)
what does the patellar ligament connect
the patella to the tibular tuberosity
what is menisci made of
pads of fibrocartilage
what is arthritis
joint inflammation
what is osteoarthritis
arthritis due to wear and tear and loss of articular cartilage
what does rubbing of bone together lead to
bony growth caused by stress on the bone
what causes rheumatoid arthritis
auto-immune disease, infectious disease, or gout
what is gout
deposits of uric acid
what is a sprain
a stretched or torn ligament
what is a strain
a stretched or torn muscle
where is gout common
the big toe
