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anatomy and physiology semester 1 > cells - the living units (exam 1) > Flashcards

cells - the living units (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three parts of the cell theory

A

1.) structural/functional unit 2.) all life is made of cells 3.) cells come from preexisting cells

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2
Q

what are the 3 variabilities to cells

A

size, shape, and function

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3
Q

what are the 3 structures of cells

A

membrane, cytoplasm nucleus

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4
Q

where does most of the weight of the membrane come from

A

proteins

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5
Q

what is an integral protein

A

a protein that goes all the way through the membrane

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6
Q

what is a peripheral protein

A

on the edge of the membrane

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7
Q

what are the functions of proteins in the membrane (7)

A

transport, receptor, attachment, enzyme, joining cells, recognition

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8
Q

what do glycoproteins do

A

attach to proteins

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9
Q

what do glycolipids do

A

attach to fats

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10
Q

what is the cell’s outer surface called

A

glycocalyx

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11
Q

what is a tight cell junction

A

the fusion of two cell membrane proteins to prevent movement between cells (prevents things from getting in between the cells)

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12
Q

what do desmosomes do

A

fuse protein plates together/hold cells together

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13
Q

how do skin cells shed

A

the breaking down of desmosomes

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14
Q

what are desmosomes made of

A

linker proteins

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15
Q

what is a gap junction

A

a large group of channels that line with adjacent cells to electrochemically couple cells

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16
Q

what are microvilli and what do they do

A

finger-like projections that act to increase surface area

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17
Q

what do cilia do

A

provide motion in order to move mucus

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18
Q

describe a selectively permeable barrier

A

a barrier that only allows certain things to get through

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19
Q

describe passive mechanisms

A

not using energy to cross the membrane

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20
Q

what is filtration

A

using hydrostatic pressure (fluid pressure) to move molecules

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21
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

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22
Q

what does the kinetic energy of molecules mean

A

molecules are in constant motion

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23
Q

what are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion (4)

A

temperature, concentration gradient, solubility, molecular size/weight

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24
Q

how does temperature effect that rate of diffusion

A

higher temperature –> more kinetic energy –> faster diffusion

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25
Q

how does molecular size/weight affect the rate of diffusion

A

smaller molecules –> faster diffusion

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26
Q

how does molecular concentration affect the rate of diffusion

A

greater the difference in concentration –> increase in collisions –> faster diffusion

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27
Q

give three examples of lipid soluble solutes

A

O2, CO2, alcohol

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28
Q

what is facilitated/carrier-mediated diffusion

A

diffusion with the help of carrier proteins

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29
Q

what is channel-mediated diffusion

A

diffusion with protein channels that is specific to what is let through the membrane

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30
Q

what is osmosis (3 parts to the definition)

A

diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane

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31
Q

what is dialysis (3 parts to the definition)

A

diffusion of solute through a selectively permeable membrane

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32
Q

in osmosis when does volume increase

A

when there is higher osmolarity

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33
Q

when does water follow the solute

A

osmosis

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34
Q

what happens to a cell in an isotonic solution

A

nothing changes because the concentration is the same both inside and out of the cell

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35
Q

what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution

A

water moves out of the cell because there are more solutes outside the cell. this causes the cell to shrivel up (crenation)

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36
Q

what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution

A

water goes into the cell because there are more solutes inside the cell. this causes the cell to grow, and possibly burst

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37
Q

describe active mechanisms

A

requiring energy to cross the membrane

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38
Q

what is primary active transport

A

an ion going against its concentration gradient

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39
Q

what is the biggest user of energy in the body

A

the sodium potassium pump

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40
Q

what are the 3 simplified steps to the sodium-potassium pump

A

1.) a solute binds to a membrane protein
2.) ATP phosphorylates
3.) protein changes shape, the ion pumps

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41
Q

what are the products of 1 ATP pump in the sodium-potassium pump

A

3 sodium ions out of the cell
2 potassium ions into the cell

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42
Q

what does the sodium-potassium pump set up

A

a concentration gradient across all cell membranes

43
Q

what does symport of Na+ mean

A

Na+ and a solute move in the same direction

44
Q

what does antiport of Na+ mean

A

Na+ and solute move in different directions

45
Q

describe endocytosis

A

into cell movement

46
Q

describe phagocytosis

A

eat cell movement (solids)

47
Q

describe pinocytosis

A

drink cell movement (liquids)

48
Q

how does mediated endocytosis work

A

specific protein receptors on the cell surface engulf specific substances

49
Q

describe exocytosis

A

out of the cell movement (solids/liquids)

50
Q

what is the electro-chemical gradient set up by

A

a sodium-potassium ATP pump

51
Q

what does membrane potential describe

A

voltage/charge

52
Q

what is the charge of the inside of a cell

A

negative

53
Q

where is sodium found, where is potassium found

A

sodium –> outside a cell
potassium –> inside a cell

54
Q

what is a ligand

A

a chemical that binds to a protein receptor

55
Q

what do ligands do

A

binds and opens ion channels to cause ions to diffuse across the membrane

56
Q

what does the G-protein receptor make

A

a second messenger inside the cell

57
Q

what energy molecule do G-proteins use

A

GTP

58
Q

what is the most common 2nd messenger

A

cAMP

59
Q

what do electrically-gated ion channels cause

A

action potentials along neurons/muscle cells

60
Q

what is an action potential

A

a moving electrical charge

61
Q

what are the 3 parts of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol, inclusions, organelles

62
Q

what is not included in the cytoplasm

A

the nucleus

63
Q

what is cytosol

A

the cell solution (water and solutes)

64
Q

what are inclusions

A

areas that store energy molecules and waste

65
Q

what are organelles

A

the organs of the cell

66
Q

where do you get the mitochondria from

A

mom

67
Q

how is DNA found in the mitochondria

A

in a DNA ring/loop

68
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

convert energy (food + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + energy)

69
Q

what is the continuous network of membranes in the ER used for

A

partition and transport

70
Q

is the smooth er more or less common than the rough er

A

less common

71
Q

what does the smooth er do (4)

A

metabolize fat, make membrane, stores calcium in muscles, and houses special liver enzymes

72
Q

what does the rough er do (2)

A

the ribosomes make proteins and the proteins are exported

73
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

RNA and protein

74
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes

A

bound and free

75
Q

what are bound ribosomes

A

make proteins used for export on the rough er

76
Q

what are free ribosomes

A

make proteins for the cell’s use

77
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

a stack of membrane discs

78
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do

A

modifies and packages proteins from the rough er usually for export

79
Q

what does cis face mean for the golgi apparatus function

A

receiving

80
Q

what does trans face mean for the golgi apparatus function

A

shipping

81
Q

what does the peroxisome do

A

eliminate oxidative chemicals

82
Q

what is peroxide

A

a damaging chemical formed during metabolism (H2O2)

83
Q

what do lysosomes do

A

break apart

84
Q

what does the membrane sac of acid hydrolase enzymes do

A

use water to break apart

85
Q

what are actin filaments involved in

A

movement

86
Q

what are myosin filaments involved in

A

muscle cells

87
Q

what do intermediate filaments do

A

bracing (skeletal) fibers that give form/shape to the cell

88
Q

what does polymerization mean

A

adding many pieces

89
Q

what does de-polymerization mean

A

removing many pieces

90
Q

cilia and flagella are ___ groups of ____ around a central group of ____ microtubules

A

9, 2, 2

91
Q

how many membranes does the nuclear envelope have

A

2, the inner and outer membranes

92
Q

what is the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope continuous with

A

the rough er

93
Q

what is the purpose of the nuclear envelopes pores

A

allows things to go in and out of the nucleus (signals/proteins/RNA/ribosomes)

94
Q

what does the nucleolus do

A

make ribosomes

95
Q

what is the nucleolus made up of

A

DNA, RNA, and protein

96
Q

what is chromatin

A

colored material that forms the genetic library of the cell

97
Q

what is chromatin made of

A

DNA and a histone protein

98
Q

what are the 2 forms of chromatin

A

heterochromatin and euchromatin

99
Q

describe heterochromatin

A

dark colored, tightly wound DNA, unused genetic material of the cell

100
Q

describe euchromatin

A

lightly stained, unwound DNA, used genetic material by the cell

101
Q

what is the G1 phase

A

the gap/growth phase of the cell

102
Q

what is S phase

A

synthesis of DNA

103
Q

what is the G2 phase

A

preparation for division

104
Q

what is G0 used to describe

A

cells that don’t divide

anatomy and physiology semester 1 (13 decks)

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