cells - the living units (exam 2) Flashcards
what is mitosis
the division of genetic/nuclear material
what is prophase
the beginning phase
what is the longest phase of mitosis
prophase
what appears during prophase
the spindle
chromosomes
what is the mitotic spindle made of
microtubules
what are chromosomes made from
chromatin
what disappears during mitosis
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
what is metaphase
the between phase
where are chromosomes located during metaphase and what are they attached to
the metaphase plate, the spindle
what is the metaphase plate
the line up of chromosomes midway between the 2 poles of the cell
what is anaphase
the apart phase
what happens during anaphase
sister chromatids separate (one is a copy of the other), each becoming its own chromosome
what happens after the chromosomes separate in anaphase
they move to opposite poles along the spindle fibers
what is telophase
prophase in reverse, the end phase
what reappears in telophase (2)
the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus
what disappears in telophase (2)
the spindle, chromosomes
what is cytokinesis
cell movement, the physical division of cells
when does the contractile ring form
during cytokinesis
where does the contractile ring form
at the cleavage furrow
what is the contractile ring made of
proteins
what does cell volume mean for cell division
big cells divide
what are cyclins
chemical messengers within the cell
what happens when there is a build up of cyclins
the cell divides
what happens to the cells during cancer
there is an abnormal cell proliferation, cells lose their mitotic control
what is a genome
all of the genes
what is a gene
a segment of DNA that will encode/give instructions for a polypeptide/protein to be made
what is replication
the process of copying DNA (daughter cells) for mitosis
what is transcription
the process of making RNA from DNA
what is translation
the process of making proteins from RNA
what language is transcription in
nitrogen bases
what language is translation in
amino acids
what does semiconservative DNA replication mean
half of the DNA is saved/conserved
what are the three parts of DNA replication
1.) DNA unwinds from histone proteins
2.) helicase enzyme exposes nitrogen bases
3.) DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides along both strands
where does transcription occur
in the nucleus
where do transcription factors bind to
the promoter region
where does the RNA polymerase enzyme bind to
DNA
where is pre-messenger RNA built along
the sense strand
what are the RNA nucleotides (4)
A, G, C, U
what are exons
the parts of the pre-mRNA that are kept
what are introns
the parts of the pre-mRNA that are cut out
where does translation take place
in the cytoplasm
what are the three ‘players’ involved in translation
mRNA, tRNA, ribosome
how do amino acids bind
peptide bonds
what type of bonds are peptide bonds
covalent bonds
