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anatomy and physiology semester 1 > central nervous system > Flashcards

central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

steps in brain development

A

1.) embryonic folding of the ectoderm forms the dorsal surface
2.) the cranial end encloses to form the brain
3.) the caudal end encloses to complete the spinal cord

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2
Q

how many regions does the cranial neural tube form

A

3, subdividing into fluid-filled spaces

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3
Q

prosencephalon –>

A

telencephalon, diencephalon

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4
Q

mesencephalon –>

A

mesencephalon

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5
Q

rhombencephalon –>

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon

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6
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain

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7
Q

telencephalon

A

end brain, cerebrum, lateral ventricles

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8
Q

diencephalon

A

split brain, 3rd ventricle

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9
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain, brainstem, cerebral aqueduct

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10
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain, 4th ventricle

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11
Q

metencephalon

A

added brain

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12
Q

myelencephalon

A

spinal part of the brain

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13
Q

meninges

A

three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the spinal cord and brain

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14
Q

what are the three meninges layers

A

dura mater, arachnoid space, pia mater

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15
Q

how many layers of dense connective tissue does dura mater have

A

2
periosteal
meningeal

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16
Q

periosteal dura mater

A

against the bone

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17
Q

meningeal dura mater

A

deep layer

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18
Q

what do the periosteal and meningeal layers split to form

A

dural venous

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19
Q

falx cerebri

A

sickle of the brain

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20
Q

tentorum cerebelli

A

tent of the cerebellum

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21
Q

falx cerebelli

A

sickle of the cerebellum

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22
Q

what two things are associated with the arachnoid space

A

subarachnoid space, arachnoid vili

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23
Q

what does the subarachnoid space contain

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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24
Q

arachnoid villi

A

finger like projections that project into the dural venous sinuses

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25
Q

pia mater

A

delicate lose connective tissue that covers the CNS surface

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26
Q

what is meningitis

A

inflammation due to CNS CSF

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27
Q

what is CSF formed by

A

the choroid plexus vascular network

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28
Q

CSF function

A

1.) delivers nutrients and oxygen to ependymal cells
2.) cushions/floats the brain

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29
Q

spinal tap

A

a sample of CSF below that spinal cord in the lumbar region

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30
Q

what is the flow of CSF

A

2 lateral ventricles –> 3rd ventricle –> 4th ventricle –> central canal of spinal cord or subarachnoid space

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31
Q

how does CSF get from the 2 lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

A

interventricular formina

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32
Q

how does CSF get from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

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33
Q

how does CSF get from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space

A

apertures

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34
Q

what are the different types of apertures

A

1 median, 2 lateral

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35
Q

what does arachnoid vili do

A

takes CSF back into the venous blood within dural venous sinuses

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36
Q

telencephalon function

A

memory, intelligence, planning, and interpretation

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37
Q

telencephalon gyri

A

precentral, postcentral

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38
Q

telencephalon sulci

A

central, lateral, parieto-occipital

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39
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

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40
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates temporal lobe

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41
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

median view - parietal vs occipital lobes

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42
Q

telencephalon fissures

A

longitudinal, transverse

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43
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

between right and left hemispheres

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44
Q

transverse fissure

A

between both hemispheres, cerebellum, and tentorium cerebelli

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45
Q

frontal lobe function

A

motor function, motor planning function

46
Q

where is the primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus homonculus

47
Q

broca’s area

A

planning for speech, located on the left side

48
Q

pre-frontal cortex

A

foresight, planning, attention

49
Q

parietal lobe function

A

sensory

50
Q

primary somatosensory cortex location

A

post central gyrus

51
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

behind post-central gyrus, gives meaning to sensation

52
Q

occipital lobe function

A

vision

53
Q

primary visual cortex

A

general visual information - size, color, edges, movement of objects

54
Q

visual association cortex

A

interpretation of an object

55
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory

56
Q

primary association cortex

A

hearing - pitch, loudness

57
Q

auditory associated areas

A

interpretation of sound

58
Q

wernicke’s area

A

interpreting speech

59
Q

where is the insular lobe

A

deep to lateral sulcus

60
Q

gustatory cortex

A

for taste

61
Q

what does white matter contain

A

myelinated axons

62
Q

where is white matter found

A

deep to the cortex in tracts

63
Q

tracts

A

axon collections in the CNS

64
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect right and left hempispheres

65
Q

association fibers

A

tracts in 1 hemisphere

66
Q

projection fibers

A

to or from hemispheres to the rest of the CNS

67
Q

basal ganglia

A

a group of nuclei

68
Q

basal ganglia function

A

initiates and stopes movement

69
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease caused by

A

damage to basal nuclei that decreases production of dopamine

70
Q

septum pellucidum

A

a clearish separation between the lateral ventricles

71
Q

fornix

A

an arch connecting a band of white matter

72
Q

dicencephalon

A

split brain

73
Q

associated fluid filled cavity to the diencephalon

A

3rd ventricle

74
Q

structures in diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

75
Q

thalamus function

A

control center, where nerves originate, sensory relay station

76
Q

sensory relay station

A

sense info –> thalamus –> cortex

77
Q

what does the thalamus have a lot of

A

nuclei with somas

78
Q

hypothalamus function (4)

A

thermostat, produces hormones, physical aspects of emotion, drives (hunger, sleep, sex)

79
Q

what does the hypothalamus have a lot of

A

nuclei (so many functions)

80
Q

associated structures of the hypothalamus

A

mammillary body, infundibulum, pituitary/hypophysis

81
Q

mammillary body

A

involved in memory and emotion

82
Q

infundibulum

A

stalk of the pituitary gland

83
Q

pituitary/hypophysis

A

secretes hormones

84
Q

where is the pineal gland

A

epithalamus

85
Q

pineal gland

A

visual input, sleep/wake cycle

86
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain

87
Q

associated fluid cavity to mesencephalon

A

cerebral aqueduct

88
Q

structures of the mesencephalon

A

cerebral peduncles, corpoa quadrigemina

89
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

motor projection, fibers/axons towards the spinal cord

90
Q

structures in the corpoa quadrigemina

A

superior/inferior colliculi

91
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflexes

92
Q

inferior colliculi

A

hearing reflexes

93
Q

myelencephalon

A

spinal brain

94
Q

associated fluid cavity of myelencephalon

A

4th ventricle

95
Q

medulla oblongata

A

centers for respiratory and cardiovascular function

96
Q

where is the medulla oblongata

A

myelencephalon

97
Q

metencephalon

A

beyond brain

98
Q

associated fluid cavity for metencephalon

A

4th ventricle

99
Q

structures of metencephalon

A

pons, cerebellum

100
Q

pons

A

center for respiratory and cardiovascular functions, has cranial nerves

101
Q

cerebellum

A

skeletal muscle coordination, arbor vitae

102
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter

103
Q

limbic system

A

emotion and memory

104
Q

where is the limbic system

A

lower hemispheres, temporal lobe hippocampus, diencephalon

105
Q

reticular formation

A

alertness, memory

106
Q

where is the reticular formation

A

posterior brainstem, midbrain to medulla

107
Q

where does the spinal cord run

A

from the foramen magnum to L (1st lumbar vertebrae)

108
Q

where is a spinal tap taken

A

below L1

109
Q

what do extremities have a lot of

A

neurons

110
Q

gray matter in relation to white matter location

A

gray matter is deep
white matter is superficial

111
Q

dorsal horns

A

sensory association neuron somas

anatomy and physiology semester 1 (13 decks)

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