central nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
steps in brain development
A
1.) embryonic folding of the ectoderm forms the dorsal surface
2.) the cranial end encloses to form the brain
3.) the caudal end encloses to complete the spinal cord
2
Q
how many regions does the cranial neural tube form
A
3, subdividing into fluid-filled spaces
3
Q
prosencephalon –>
A
telencephalon, diencephalon
4
Q
mesencephalon –>
A
mesencephalon
5
Q
rhombencephalon –>
A
metencephalon, myelencephalon
6
Q
prosencephalon
A
forebrain
7
Q
telencephalon
A
end brain, cerebrum, lateral ventricles
8
Q
diencephalon
A
split brain, 3rd ventricle
9
Q
mesencephalon
A
midbrain, brainstem, cerebral aqueduct
10
Q
rhombencephalon
A
hindbrain, 4th ventricle
11
Q
metencephalon
A
added brain
12
Q
myelencephalon
A
spinal part of the brain
13
Q
meninges
A
three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the spinal cord and brain
14
Q
what are the three meninges layers
A
dura mater, arachnoid space, pia mater
15
Q
how many layers of dense connective tissue does dura mater have
A
2
periosteal
meningeal
16
Q
periosteal dura mater
A
against the bone
17
Q
meningeal dura mater
A
deep layer
18
Q
what do the periosteal and meningeal layers split to form
A
dural venous
19
Q
falx cerebri
A
sickle of the brain
20
Q
tentorum cerebelli
A
tent of the cerebellum
21
Q
falx cerebelli
A
sickle of the cerebellum
22
Q
what two things are associated with the arachnoid space
A
subarachnoid space, arachnoid vili
23
Q
what does the subarachnoid space contain
A
cerebral spinal fluid
24
Q
arachnoid villi
A
finger like projections that project into the dural venous sinuses
25
pia mater
delicate lose connective tissue that covers the CNS surface
26
what is meningitis
inflammation due to CNS CSF
27
what is CSF formed by
the choroid plexus vascular network
28
CSF function
1.) delivers nutrients and oxygen to ependymal cells
2.) cushions/floats the brain
29
spinal tap
a sample of CSF below that spinal cord in the lumbar region
30
what is the flow of CSF
2 lateral ventricles --> 3rd ventricle --> 4th ventricle --> central canal of spinal cord or subarachnoid space
31
how does CSF get from the 2 lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle
interventricular formina
32
how does CSF get from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
33
how does CSF get from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space
apertures
34
what are the different types of apertures
1 median, 2 lateral
35
what does arachnoid vili do
takes CSF back into the venous blood within dural venous sinuses
36
telencephalon function
memory, intelligence, planning, and interpretation
37
telencephalon gyri
precentral, postcentral
38
telencephalon sulci
central, lateral, parieto-occipital
39
central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
40
lateral sulcus
separates temporal lobe
41
parieto-occipital sulcus
median view - parietal vs occipital lobes
42
telencephalon fissures
longitudinal, transverse
43
longitudinal fissure
between right and left hemispheres
44
transverse fissure
between both hemispheres, cerebellum, and tentorium cerebelli
45
frontal lobe function
motor function, motor planning function
46
where is the primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus homonculus
47
broca's area
planning for speech, located on the left side
48
pre-frontal cortex
foresight, planning, attention
49
parietal lobe function
sensory
50
primary somatosensory cortex location
post central gyrus
51
somatosensory association cortex
behind post-central gyrus, gives meaning to sensation
52
occipital lobe function
vision
53
primary visual cortex
general visual information - size, color, edges, movement of objects
54
visual association cortex
interpretation of an object
55
temporal lobe function
auditory
56
primary association cortex
hearing - pitch, loudness
57
auditory associated areas
interpretation of sound
58
wernicke's area
interpreting speech
59
where is the insular lobe
deep to lateral sulcus
60
gustatory cortex
for taste
61
what does white matter contain
myelinated axons
62
where is white matter found
deep to the cortex in tracts
63
tracts
axon collections in the CNS
64
commissural fibers
connect right and left hempispheres
65
association fibers
tracts in 1 hemisphere
66
projection fibers
to or from hemispheres to the rest of the CNS
67
basal ganglia
a group of nuclei
68
basal ganglia function
initiates and stopes movement
69
what is Parkinson's disease caused by
damage to basal nuclei that decreases production of dopamine
70
septum pellucidum
a clearish separation between the lateral ventricles
71
fornix
an arch connecting a band of white matter
72
dicencephalon
split brain
73
associated fluid filled cavity to the diencephalon
3rd ventricle
74
structures in diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
75
thalamus function
control center, where nerves originate, sensory relay station
76
sensory relay station
sense info --> thalamus --> cortex
77
what does the thalamus have a lot of
nuclei with somas
78
hypothalamus function (4)
thermostat, produces hormones, physical aspects of emotion, drives (hunger, sleep, sex)
79
what does the hypothalamus have a lot of
nuclei (so many functions)
80
associated structures of the hypothalamus
mammillary body, infundibulum, pituitary/hypophysis
81
mammillary body
involved in memory and emotion
82
infundibulum
stalk of the pituitary gland
83
pituitary/hypophysis
secretes hormones
84
where is the pineal gland
epithalamus
85
pineal gland
visual input, sleep/wake cycle
86
mesencephalon
midbrain
87
associated fluid cavity to mesencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
88
structures of the mesencephalon
cerebral peduncles, corpoa quadrigemina
89
cerebral peduncles
motor projection, fibers/axons towards the spinal cord
90
structures in the corpoa quadrigemina
superior/inferior colliculi
91
superior colliculi
visual reflexes
92
inferior colliculi
hearing reflexes
93
myelencephalon
spinal brain
94
associated fluid cavity of myelencephalon
4th ventricle
95
medulla oblongata
centers for respiratory and cardiovascular function
96
where is the medulla oblongata
myelencephalon
97
metencephalon
beyond brain
98
associated fluid cavity for metencephalon
4th ventricle
99
structures of metencephalon
pons, cerebellum
100
pons
center for respiratory and cardiovascular functions, has cranial nerves
101
cerebellum
skeletal muscle coordination, arbor vitae
102
arbor vitae
white matter
103
limbic system
emotion and memory
104
where is the limbic system
lower hemispheres, temporal lobe hippocampus, diencephalon
105
reticular formation
alertness, memory
106
where is the reticular formation
posterior brainstem, midbrain to medulla
107
where does the spinal cord run
from the foramen magnum to L (1st lumbar vertebrae)
108
where is a spinal tap taken
below L1
109
what do extremities have a lot of
neurons
110
gray matter in relation to white matter location
gray matter is deep
white matter is superficial
111
dorsal horns
sensory association neuron somas
