central nervous system Flashcards
steps in brain development
1.) embryonic folding of the ectoderm forms the dorsal surface
2.) the cranial end encloses to form the brain
3.) the caudal end encloses to complete the spinal cord
how many regions does the cranial neural tube form
3, subdividing into fluid-filled spaces
prosencephalon –>
telencephalon, diencephalon
mesencephalon –>
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon –>
metencephalon, myelencephalon
prosencephalon
forebrain
telencephalon
end brain, cerebrum, lateral ventricles
diencephalon
split brain, 3rd ventricle
mesencephalon
midbrain, brainstem, cerebral aqueduct
rhombencephalon
hindbrain, 4th ventricle
metencephalon
added brain
myelencephalon
spinal part of the brain
meninges
three thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the spinal cord and brain
what are the three meninges layers
dura mater, arachnoid space, pia mater
how many layers of dense connective tissue does dura mater have
2
periosteal
meningeal
periosteal dura mater
against the bone
meningeal dura mater
deep layer
what do the periosteal and meningeal layers split to form
dural venous
falx cerebri
sickle of the brain
tentorum cerebelli
tent of the cerebellum
falx cerebelli
sickle of the cerebellum
what two things are associated with the arachnoid space
subarachnoid space, arachnoid vili
what does the subarachnoid space contain
cerebral spinal fluid
arachnoid villi
finger like projections that project into the dural venous sinuses
pia mater
delicate lose connective tissue that covers the CNS surface
what is meningitis
inflammation due to CNS CSF
what is CSF formed by
the choroid plexus vascular network
CSF function
1.) delivers nutrients and oxygen to ependymal cells
2.) cushions/floats the brain
spinal tap
a sample of CSF below that spinal cord in the lumbar region
what is the flow of CSF
2 lateral ventricles –> 3rd ventricle –> 4th ventricle –> central canal of spinal cord or subarachnoid space
how does CSF get from the 2 lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle
interventricular formina
how does CSF get from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
how does CSF get from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space
apertures
what are the different types of apertures
1 median, 2 lateral
what does arachnoid vili do
takes CSF back into the venous blood within dural venous sinuses
telencephalon function
memory, intelligence, planning, and interpretation
telencephalon gyri
precentral, postcentral
telencephalon sulci
central, lateral, parieto-occipital
central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
lateral sulcus
separates temporal lobe
parieto-occipital sulcus
median view - parietal vs occipital lobes
telencephalon fissures
longitudinal, transverse
longitudinal fissure
between right and left hemispheres
transverse fissure
between both hemispheres, cerebellum, and tentorium cerebelli
frontal lobe function
motor function, motor planning function
where is the primary motor cortex
precentral gyrus homonculus
broca’s area
planning for speech, located on the left side
pre-frontal cortex
foresight, planning, attention
parietal lobe function
sensory
primary somatosensory cortex location
post central gyrus
somatosensory association cortex
behind post-central gyrus, gives meaning to sensation
occipital lobe function
vision
primary visual cortex
general visual information - size, color, edges, movement of objects
visual association cortex
interpretation of an object
temporal lobe function
auditory
primary association cortex
hearing - pitch, loudness
auditory associated areas
interpretation of sound
wernicke’s area
interpreting speech
where is the insular lobe
deep to lateral sulcus
gustatory cortex
for taste
what does white matter contain
myelinated axons
where is white matter found
deep to the cortex in tracts
tracts
axon collections in the CNS
commissural fibers
connect right and left hempispheres
association fibers
tracts in 1 hemisphere
projection fibers
to or from hemispheres to the rest of the CNS
basal ganglia
a group of nuclei
basal ganglia function
initiates and stopes movement
what is Parkinson’s disease caused by
damage to basal nuclei that decreases production of dopamine
septum pellucidum
a clearish separation between the lateral ventricles
fornix
an arch connecting a band of white matter
dicencephalon
split brain
associated fluid filled cavity to the diencephalon
3rd ventricle
structures in diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
thalamus function
control center, where nerves originate, sensory relay station
sensory relay station
sense info –> thalamus –> cortex
what does the thalamus have a lot of
nuclei with somas
hypothalamus function (4)
thermostat, produces hormones, physical aspects of emotion, drives (hunger, sleep, sex)
what does the hypothalamus have a lot of
nuclei (so many functions)
associated structures of the hypothalamus
mammillary body, infundibulum, pituitary/hypophysis
mammillary body
involved in memory and emotion
infundibulum
stalk of the pituitary gland
pituitary/hypophysis
secretes hormones
where is the pineal gland
epithalamus
pineal gland
visual input, sleep/wake cycle
mesencephalon
midbrain
associated fluid cavity to mesencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
structures of the mesencephalon
cerebral peduncles, corpoa quadrigemina
cerebral peduncles
motor projection, fibers/axons towards the spinal cord
structures in the corpoa quadrigemina
superior/inferior colliculi
superior colliculi
visual reflexes
inferior colliculi
hearing reflexes
myelencephalon
spinal brain
associated fluid cavity of myelencephalon
4th ventricle
medulla oblongata
centers for respiratory and cardiovascular function
where is the medulla oblongata
myelencephalon
metencephalon
beyond brain
associated fluid cavity for metencephalon
4th ventricle
structures of metencephalon
pons, cerebellum
pons
center for respiratory and cardiovascular functions, has cranial nerves
cerebellum
skeletal muscle coordination, arbor vitae
arbor vitae
white matter
limbic system
emotion and memory
where is the limbic system
lower hemispheres, temporal lobe hippocampus, diencephalon
reticular formation
alertness, memory
where is the reticular formation
posterior brainstem, midbrain to medulla
where does the spinal cord run
from the foramen magnum to L (1st lumbar vertebrae)
where is a spinal tap taken
below L1
what do extremities have a lot of
neurons
gray matter in relation to white matter location
gray matter is deep
white matter is superficial
dorsal horns
sensory association neuron somas
