Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

anatomy and physiology semester 1 > chemistry > Flashcards

chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the simplest form of matter

A

a chemical element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

can elements be broken down by chemical means

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are elements made up of

A

all the same atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that enters chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a proton

A

a positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what determines the element

A

the number of protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a neutron

A

a non-charged particle in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are isotopes

A

an element with different numbers of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens when radioisotopes decompose spontaneously

A

form more stable form of an isotope and give off radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an electron

A

a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do molecules become more stable

A

gain or lose elections to complete the outer shell (2 or 8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an ion

A

an atom or molecule with a charge (unequal number of protons and electrons), formed by the gain or loss of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are electrolytes

A

something that forms an ion in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are free radicals

A

a highly reactive electron in the outer shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

bonds that are created by sharing electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are chemical bonds

A

attractive forces between atoms or molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how many types of covalent bonds are there, and what are they

A

2
non-polar covalent bond and polar covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are non-polar covalent bonds

A

bonds where atoms share electrons equally in a molecule (one side of the molecule doesn’t hog any electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are polar covalent bonds

A

bonds where atoms in a molecule do not share electrons equally (one atom has a stronger attraction for electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are negatively charged ions called

A

aniona

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are positively charged ions called

A

cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are ionic bonds

A

bonds that don’t share electrons in the bond, but completely transfer the electron from one atom to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the net charge on ionic compounds

A

0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

a polar covalent bond, with a slight positive charge on hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where are hydrogen bonds found (3 main areas)
water, proteins, between two strands of DNA
26
what are Van der Waals forces
when non-polar regions (like charges) of molecules are attracted to each other
27
are Van de Waal forces strong or weak
weak
28
what are Van der Waal forces important in
lipid molecule interaction
29
what is a solution
a mixture at a molecular level
30
is the solvent in greater concentration or lower concentration than the solute
greater concentration
31
what are colloids
a permanent mix of 'chunks' not molecules
32
what are suspensions
a mixture of 'chunks' that separate/settle over time
33
can you see through colloids or suspensions
suspensions
34
what is the main solvent in the body
water
35
how much water is intracellular v extracellular
intracellular = 2/3, extracellular = 1/3
36
what are the 3 characteristics of water
polarity, thermal stability, chemical reactivity
37
what does polarity do
gives water solvency and cohesion
38
what does heat capacity do
stores heat
39
what are the 2 parts of thermal stability
heat capacity and heat of vaporization
40
does water have a high or low level of heat vaporization
high
41
what is hydrolysis
breaking apart macromolecules by adding water
42
what is dehydration synthesis
building molecules by removing water
43
what is the difference between electrolytes and non-electrolytes
electrolytes ionize in water to form ions and non-electrolytes do not ionize in water
44
are acids proton donors or acceptors
donors
45
are bases proton donors or acceptors
acceptors
46
what does pH stand for
presence of hydrogen
47
what are anabolic reactions
building larger molecules from smaller molecules
48
do anabolic reactions require energy input
yes
49
what are catabolic reactions
the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
50
do catabolic reactions require energy input
no, they release energy
51
what is oxidization
when molecules give up electrons, releasing energy
52
what is reduction
when molecules accept electrons, gaining energy
53
what are chemical reactions dependent on (3)
the concentration of reactants and products, temperature, and the pressure of catalysts
54
what does a high concentration of reactants and products mean in a chemical reaction
a higher concentration means more interaction
55
what does temperature do to chemical reactions
increase in temp --> more molecular movement --> more interaction
56
what does the presence of catalysts do in chemical reactions
it aligns molecules to increase molecule interactions
57
what is metabolism
all chemical reactions in the body
58
what are inorganic molecules
molecules that do not have carbon
59
what are organic molecules
molecules that have carbon, and some hydrogen
60
what are the most biologically important organic molecules
macromolecules
61
what are the 4 groups of macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nitrogenous base molecules
62
what are carbohydrates composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
63
what are disaccharides
two monosaccharides joined together
64
what are polysaccharides
many monosaccharides joined together
65
what is glycogen
a branching chain of 1000s of glucose molecules, important in storing glucose
66
how do lipids differ from carbohydrates
lipids have less oxygen, making them less oxidized, have more energy, and more calories
67
how do lipids store energy
as fat
68
how many kinds of fat are there, and what are they
4 fatty acids, neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids
69
what are fatty acids
long chains of carbon with a carboxyl group at one end
70
what are saturated fatty acids
fatty acids with no double bonds
71
what are unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids with double bonds (at least one)
72
what are neutral fats
fats made up of glycerol and three long chain fatty acids
73
where are double bonds located in fatty acids
on carbon molecules
74
what are phospholipids
fats made up of glycerol with two long fatty acid chains and a molecule containing a phosphate ion
75
what neutral fat is most important in humans
triglycerides
76
what are steroids
fats made of up 4 interconnected carbon rings with various carbon chains attached
77
what do amino acids always have to have
nitrogen
78
what are the building blocks of protein
amino acids
79
what are proteins
amino acids bonded together in a long chain through covalent bonds/peptide bonds
80
what is the primary structure for proteins
a sequence of amino acids
81
what are the two secondary structures for amino acids
alpha helix (spiral) and beta pleated sheet
82
what are tertiary structures for proteins
3-D structures
83
what are quaternary structures for proteins
2 or more 3-D structures (tertiary) bonded together
84
what is conformation of a protein
the normal/correct shape of a protein
85
what is denaturation of a protein
the incorrect shape of a protein
86
how does denaturation happen (3)
through heat, pH changes, and radiation
87
what does the diverse structure of proteins mean
proteins have many functions
88
what are globular proteins
functional proteins, that are water soluble, and round/small
89
what do enzymes do
speed up chemical reactions
90
what does hemoglobin do
carry gases
91
what do antibodies do
fight infection
92
what do receptors do
bind to other molecules to get signals
93
what are fibrous proteins
structural proteins that are water-insoluble, and long/large
94
what do connective tissues do
offer body support
95
what do muscle contractile proteins do
help with movement
96
what are 3 kinds of globular proteins
enzymes, antibodies, and hemoglobin
97
what are 2 kinds of fibrous proteins
connective tissue and muscle contractile proteins
98
what does a biological catalyst do
regulates chemical reactions in the body
99
what are substrates
what an enzyme works on
100
what do enzymes do to substrates
they align substrates so they can interact
101
what do enzymes do to activation energy
lower activation energy for reaction to take place
102
what do enzymes do
speed up chemical reactions or allow them to occur at lower temperatures
103
can enzymes enable reactions to go in either direction
yes
104
what decides what direction a reaction will go in
the law of mass action
105
what are cofactors
metal ions that carry electrons in enzymatic reactions
106
what are coenzymes
organic molecules that carry electrons in enzymatic reactions
107
what are the 3 parts of ATP
adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (monosaccharide), three phosphate molecules
108
what is the function of ATP
the energy source inside the cell for chemical reactions
109
what is phosphorylation
adding a phosphate to another molecule to give energy
110
what is the energy source for outside the body
food
111
what is the energy source for storage in the body
glycogen, fat
112
what is the energy source for supplies in the cells
glucose, fatty acids
113
what is the energy source for most cellular reactions
ATP
114
what is each section of the double helix in DNA made of
nucleotides
115
what are nucleotides made up of
deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base
116
what are purine bases
adenine, guanine
117
what are pyrimidine bases
thymine, cytosine

anatomy and physiology semester 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions