chemistry Flashcards
what is the simplest form of matter
a chemical element
can elements be broken down by chemical means
no
what are elements made up of
all the same atom
what is an atom
the smallest unit of matter that enters chemical reactions
what is a proton
a positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom
what determines the element
the number of protons
what is a neutron
a non-charged particle in the nucleus
what are isotopes
an element with different numbers of neutrons
what happens when radioisotopes decompose spontaneously
form more stable form of an isotope and give off radiation
what is an electron
a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus
how do molecules become more stable
gain or lose elections to complete the outer shell (2 or 8)
what is an ion
an atom or molecule with a charge (unequal number of protons and electrons), formed by the gain or loss of electrons
what are electrolytes
something that forms an ion in water
what are free radicals
a highly reactive electron in the outer shell
what are covalent bonds
bonds that are created by sharing electrons
what are chemical bonds
attractive forces between atoms or molecules
how many types of covalent bonds are there, and what are they
2
non-polar covalent bond and polar covalent bond
what are non-polar covalent bonds
bonds where atoms share electrons equally in a molecule (one side of the molecule doesn’t hog any electrons)
what are polar covalent bonds
bonds where atoms in a molecule do not share electrons equally (one atom has a stronger attraction for electrons)
what are negatively charged ions called
aniona
what are positively charged ions called
cations
what are ionic bonds
bonds that don’t share electrons in the bond, but completely transfer the electron from one atom to another
what is the net charge on ionic compounds
0
what are hydrogen bonds
a polar covalent bond, with a slight positive charge on hydrogen
where are hydrogen bonds found (3 main areas)
water, proteins, between two strands of DNA
what are Van der Waals forces
when non-polar regions (like charges) of molecules are attracted to each other
are Van de Waal forces strong or weak
weak
what are Van der Waal forces important in
lipid molecule interaction
what is a solution
a mixture at a molecular level
is the solvent in greater concentration or lower concentration than the solute
greater concentration
what are colloids
a permanent mix of ‘chunks’ not molecules
what are suspensions
a mixture of ‘chunks’ that separate/settle over time
can you see through colloids or suspensions
suspensions
what is the main solvent in the body
water
how much water is intracellular v extracellular
intracellular = 2/3, extracellular = 1/3
what are the 3 characteristics of water
polarity, thermal stability, chemical reactivity
what does polarity do
gives water solvency and cohesion
what does heat capacity do
stores heat
what are the 2 parts of thermal stability
heat capacity and heat of vaporization
does water have a high or low level of heat vaporization
high
what is hydrolysis
breaking apart macromolecules by adding water
what is dehydration synthesis
building molecules by removing water
what is the difference between electrolytes and non-electrolytes
electrolytes ionize in water to form ions and non-electrolytes do not ionize in water
are acids proton donors or acceptors
donors
are bases proton donors or acceptors
acceptors
what does pH stand for
presence of hydrogen
what are anabolic reactions
building larger molecules from smaller molecules
do anabolic reactions require energy input
yes
what are catabolic reactions
the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
do catabolic reactions require energy input
no, they release energy
what is oxidization
when molecules give up electrons, releasing energy
what is reduction
when molecules accept electrons, gaining energy
what are chemical reactions dependent on (3)
the concentration of reactants and products, temperature, and the pressure of catalysts
what does a high concentration of reactants and products mean in a chemical reaction
a higher concentration means more interaction
what does temperature do to chemical reactions
increase in temp –> more molecular movement –> more interaction
what does the presence of catalysts do in chemical reactions
it aligns molecules to increase molecule interactions
what is metabolism
all chemical reactions in the body
what are inorganic molecules
molecules that do not have carbon
what are organic molecules
molecules that have carbon, and some hydrogen
what are the most biologically important organic molecules
macromolecules
what are the 4 groups of macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nitrogenous base molecules
what are carbohydrates composed of
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
what are disaccharides
two monosaccharides joined together
what are polysaccharides
many monosaccharides joined together
what is glycogen
a branching chain of 1000s of glucose molecules, important in storing glucose
how do lipids differ from carbohydrates
lipids have less oxygen, making them less oxidized, have more energy, and more calories
how do lipids store energy
as fat
how many kinds of fat are there, and what are they
4
fatty acids, neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids
what are fatty acids
long chains of carbon with a carboxyl group at one end
what are saturated fatty acids
fatty acids with no double bonds
what are unsaturated fatty acids
fatty acids with double bonds (at least one)
what are neutral fats
fats made up of glycerol and three long chain fatty acids
where are double bonds located in fatty acids
on carbon molecules
what are phospholipids
fats made up of glycerol with two long fatty acid chains and a molecule containing a phosphate ion
what neutral fat is most important in humans
triglycerides
what are steroids
fats made of up 4 interconnected carbon rings with various carbon chains attached
what do amino acids always have to have
nitrogen
what are the building blocks of protein
amino acids
what are proteins
amino acids bonded together in a long chain through covalent bonds/peptide bonds
what is the primary structure for proteins
a sequence of amino acids
what are the two secondary structures for amino acids
alpha helix (spiral) and beta pleated sheet
what are tertiary structures for proteins
3-D structures
what are quaternary structures for proteins
2 or more 3-D structures (tertiary) bonded together
what is conformation of a protein
the normal/correct shape of a protein
what is denaturation of a protein
the incorrect shape of a protein
how does denaturation happen (3)
through heat, pH changes, and radiation
what does the diverse structure of proteins mean
proteins have many functions
what are globular proteins
functional proteins, that are water soluble, and round/small
what do enzymes do
speed up chemical reactions
what does hemoglobin do
carry gases
what do antibodies do
fight infection
what do receptors do
bind to other molecules to get signals
what are fibrous proteins
structural proteins that are water-insoluble, and long/large
what do connective tissues do
offer body support
what do muscle contractile proteins do
help with movement
what are 3 kinds of globular proteins
enzymes, antibodies, and hemoglobin
what are 2 kinds of fibrous proteins
connective tissue and muscle contractile proteins
what does a biological catalyst do
regulates chemical reactions in the body
what are substrates
what an enzyme works on
what do enzymes do to substrates
they align substrates so they can interact
what do enzymes do to activation energy
lower activation energy for reaction to take place
what do enzymes do
speed up chemical reactions or allow them to occur at lower temperatures
can enzymes enable reactions to go in either direction
yes
what decides what direction a reaction will go in
the law of mass action
what are cofactors
metal ions that carry electrons in enzymatic reactions
what are coenzymes
organic molecules that carry electrons in enzymatic reactions
what are the 3 parts of ATP
adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (monosaccharide), three phosphate molecules
what is the function of ATP
the energy source inside the cell for chemical reactions
what is phosphorylation
adding a phosphate to another molecule to give energy
what is the energy source for outside the body
food
what is the energy source for storage in the body
glycogen, fat
what is the energy source for supplies in the cells
glucose, fatty acids
what is the energy source for most cellular reactions
ATP
what is each section of the double helix in DNA made of
nucleotides
what are nucleotides made up of
deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base
what are purine bases
adenine, guanine
what are pyrimidine bases
thymine, cytosine
