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anatomy and physiology semester 1 > chemistry > Flashcards

chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the simplest form of matter

A

a chemical element

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2
Q

can elements be broken down by chemical means

A

no

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3
Q

what are elements made up of

A

all the same atom

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4
Q

what is an atom

A

the smallest unit of matter that enters chemical reactions

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5
Q

what is a proton

A

a positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom

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6
Q

what determines the element

A

the number of protons

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7
Q

what is a neutron

A

a non-charged particle in the nucleus

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8
Q

what are isotopes

A

an element with different numbers of neutrons

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9
Q

what happens when radioisotopes decompose spontaneously

A

form more stable form of an isotope and give off radiation

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10
Q

what is an electron

A

a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus

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11
Q

how do molecules become more stable

A

gain or lose elections to complete the outer shell (2 or 8)

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12
Q

what is an ion

A

an atom or molecule with a charge (unequal number of protons and electrons), formed by the gain or loss of electrons

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13
Q

what are electrolytes

A

something that forms an ion in water

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14
Q

what are free radicals

A

a highly reactive electron in the outer shell

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15
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

bonds that are created by sharing electrons

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16
Q

what are chemical bonds

A

attractive forces between atoms or molecules

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17
Q

how many types of covalent bonds are there, and what are they

A

2
non-polar covalent bond and polar covalent bond

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18
Q

what are non-polar covalent bonds

A

bonds where atoms share electrons equally in a molecule (one side of the molecule doesn’t hog any electrons)

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19
Q

what are polar covalent bonds

A

bonds where atoms in a molecule do not share electrons equally (one atom has a stronger attraction for electrons)

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20
Q

what are negatively charged ions called

A

aniona

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21
Q

what are positively charged ions called

A

cations

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22
Q

what are ionic bonds

A

bonds that don’t share electrons in the bond, but completely transfer the electron from one atom to another

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23
Q

what is the net charge on ionic compounds

A

0

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24
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

a polar covalent bond, with a slight positive charge on hydrogen

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25
Q

where are hydrogen bonds found (3 main areas)

A

water, proteins, between two strands of DNA

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26
Q

what are Van der Waals forces

A

when non-polar regions (like charges) of molecules are attracted to each other

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27
Q

are Van de Waal forces strong or weak

A

weak

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28
Q

what are Van der Waal forces important in

A

lipid molecule interaction

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29
Q

what is a solution

A

a mixture at a molecular level

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30
Q

is the solvent in greater concentration or lower concentration than the solute

A

greater concentration

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31
Q

what are colloids

A

a permanent mix of ‘chunks’ not molecules

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32
Q

what are suspensions

A

a mixture of ‘chunks’ that separate/settle over time

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33
Q

can you see through colloids or suspensions

A

suspensions

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34
Q

what is the main solvent in the body

A

water

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35
Q

how much water is intracellular v extracellular

A

intracellular = 2/3, extracellular = 1/3

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36
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of water

A

polarity, thermal stability, chemical reactivity

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37
Q

what does polarity do

A

gives water solvency and cohesion

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38
Q

what does heat capacity do

A

stores heat

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39
Q

what are the 2 parts of thermal stability

A

heat capacity and heat of vaporization

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40
Q

does water have a high or low level of heat vaporization

A

high

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41
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

breaking apart macromolecules by adding water

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42
Q

what is dehydration synthesis

A

building molecules by removing water

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43
Q

what is the difference between electrolytes and non-electrolytes

A

electrolytes ionize in water to form ions and non-electrolytes do not ionize in water

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44
Q

are acids proton donors or acceptors

A

donors

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45
Q

are bases proton donors or acceptors

A

acceptors

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46
Q

what does pH stand for

A

presence of hydrogen

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47
Q

what are anabolic reactions

A

building larger molecules from smaller molecules

48
Q

do anabolic reactions require energy input

A

yes

49
Q

what are catabolic reactions

A

the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules

50
Q

do catabolic reactions require energy input

A

no, they release energy

51
Q

what is oxidization

A

when molecules give up electrons, releasing energy

52
Q

what is reduction

A

when molecules accept electrons, gaining energy

53
Q

what are chemical reactions dependent on (3)

A

the concentration of reactants and products, temperature, and the pressure of catalysts

54
Q

what does a high concentration of reactants and products mean in a chemical reaction

A

a higher concentration means more interaction

55
Q

what does temperature do to chemical reactions

A

increase in temp –> more molecular movement –> more interaction

56
Q

what does the presence of catalysts do in chemical reactions

A

it aligns molecules to increase molecule interactions

57
Q

what is metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in the body

58
Q

what are inorganic molecules

A

molecules that do not have carbon

59
Q

what are organic molecules

A

molecules that have carbon, and some hydrogen

60
Q

what are the most biologically important organic molecules

A

macromolecules

61
Q

what are the 4 groups of macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins, and nitrogenous base molecules

62
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

63
Q

what are disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides joined together

64
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

many monosaccharides joined together

65
Q

what is glycogen

A

a branching chain of 1000s of glucose molecules, important in storing glucose

66
Q

how do lipids differ from carbohydrates

A

lipids have less oxygen, making them less oxidized, have more energy, and more calories

67
Q

how do lipids store energy

A

as fat

68
Q

how many kinds of fat are there, and what are they

A

4
fatty acids, neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids

69
Q

what are fatty acids

A

long chains of carbon with a carboxyl group at one end

70
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids with no double bonds

71
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

fatty acids with double bonds (at least one)

72
Q

what are neutral fats

A

fats made up of glycerol and three long chain fatty acids

73
Q

where are double bonds located in fatty acids

A

on carbon molecules

74
Q

what are phospholipids

A

fats made up of glycerol with two long fatty acid chains and a molecule containing a phosphate ion

75
Q

what neutral fat is most important in humans

A

triglycerides

76
Q

what are steroids

A

fats made of up 4 interconnected carbon rings with various carbon chains attached

77
Q

what do amino acids always have to have

A

nitrogen

78
Q

what are the building blocks of protein

A

amino acids

79
Q

what are proteins

A

amino acids bonded together in a long chain through covalent bonds/peptide bonds

80
Q

what is the primary structure for proteins

A

a sequence of amino acids

81
Q

what are the two secondary structures for amino acids

A

alpha helix (spiral) and beta pleated sheet

82
Q

what are tertiary structures for proteins

A

3-D structures

83
Q

what are quaternary structures for proteins

A

2 or more 3-D structures (tertiary) bonded together

84
Q

what is conformation of a protein

A

the normal/correct shape of a protein

85
Q

what is denaturation of a protein

A

the incorrect shape of a protein

86
Q

how does denaturation happen (3)

A

through heat, pH changes, and radiation

87
Q

what does the diverse structure of proteins mean

A

proteins have many functions

88
Q

what are globular proteins

A

functional proteins, that are water soluble, and round/small

89
Q

what do enzymes do

A

speed up chemical reactions

90
Q

what does hemoglobin do

A

carry gases

91
Q

what do antibodies do

A

fight infection

92
Q

what do receptors do

A

bind to other molecules to get signals

93
Q

what are fibrous proteins

A

structural proteins that are water-insoluble, and long/large

94
Q

what do connective tissues do

A

offer body support

95
Q

what do muscle contractile proteins do

A

help with movement

96
Q

what are 3 kinds of globular proteins

A

enzymes, antibodies, and hemoglobin

97
Q

what are 2 kinds of fibrous proteins

A

connective tissue and muscle contractile proteins

98
Q

what does a biological catalyst do

A

regulates chemical reactions in the body

99
Q

what are substrates

A

what an enzyme works on

100
Q

what do enzymes do to substrates

A

they align substrates so they can interact

101
Q

what do enzymes do to activation energy

A

lower activation energy for reaction to take place

102
Q

what do enzymes do

A

speed up chemical reactions or allow them to occur at lower temperatures

103
Q

can enzymes enable reactions to go in either direction

A

yes

104
Q

what decides what direction a reaction will go in

A

the law of mass action

105
Q

what are cofactors

A

metal ions that carry electrons in enzymatic reactions

106
Q

what are coenzymes

A

organic molecules that carry electrons in enzymatic reactions

107
Q

what are the 3 parts of ATP

A

adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose (monosaccharide), three phosphate molecules

108
Q

what is the function of ATP

A

the energy source inside the cell for chemical reactions

109
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

adding a phosphate to another molecule to give energy

110
Q

what is the energy source for outside the body

A

food

111
Q

what is the energy source for storage in the body

A

glycogen, fat

112
Q

what is the energy source for supplies in the cells

A

glucose, fatty acids

113
Q

what is the energy source for most cellular reactions

A

ATP

114
Q

what is each section of the double helix in DNA made of

A

nucleotides

115
Q

what are nucleotides made up of

A

deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base

116
Q

what are purine bases

A

adenine, guanine

117
Q

what are pyrimidine bases

A

thymine, cytosine

anatomy and physiology semester 1 (13 decks)

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