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Biology 108 > Tissues of the Body > Flashcards

Tissues of the Body Flashcards

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1
Q

What are tissues

A

Group of cells that are similar in structure and functions along their extracellular matrix (big jumbo of proteins located outside cells)

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2
Q

Types of Tissues: Epithelium

A

Makes up the linings, coverings and glandular tissue of the body.
Cavity will have epithelium tissue around it

Possible fuctions:

  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Diffusion
  • Sensory Reception
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3
Q

What body systems/organs do you think have epithelia?

A 
Protection-Skin, Receptory tract 
Absorption-Disgestive system
-Filtration-Kidney
-Secretion-Glands, or screating sweet, oils
-Diffusions 
-Sensory Reception

Every skin has an epithelia

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4
Q

Properties of Epithelia

A

Lots of cells and extracellular matrix (collagen, glycoprotein,
Basement membrane serving extracellular matrix (foundation of the cells so they can attach to)

Supported connective tissues -

Apical and Basal surfaces -

  • Basal part of the cell that’s attached to the basement membrane
  • Apical surface - free surface facing towards outside the body or towards a cavity (touch skin, top of the skin)
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5
Q

Other properties of Epithelia

A 
Do not have avascular (no blood supply) 
Are innervated (sensation)
Regenerate easily (replace themselves)
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6
Q

Other properties of Epithelia

A

Epithelial cells are connected with their neighbors via specialized junctions
-Tongue-and-groove shape

-Adhesion proteins - physically link cells with protein embedded in the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Other properties of Epithelia
-These are connections between adjacent cell whose primarily purposes is to prevent molecules to pass between them
-Some proteins embedded plasma membrane are fused between cells
(think of superglue between the two cells)

Found in apical surface of cells
Where might you find tight junctions?
-Why we don’t puff up like a sponge when we shower
-Skin, arteries (blood stays in the arteries)
stomach, small intestines (absorbing nutrients) we want nutrients in our cells not pass through them

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8
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Other properties of Epithelia
Located basal direction along the side of tight junctions

-Stronger linkage between cells (no fluid or molecule movement) physically link cells and stability
-Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane, these are proteins are linked to the actin cytoskeleton (not the strongest but provides structure and support to our cell)
“nails that are used on the drywall”
-Influence shape and folding of epithelial tissues

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9
Q

Desmosomes

A

Other properties of Epithelia
Strong connection between cells
-Connect adjacent cells
-Intermediate filaments “metal support beams”
-Plaque, cadherin molecules distribute force
-Found in tissues that have a lot of mechanical stressed

Found in organs like cardiac and skeleton muscles

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10
Q

What types of organs might you find desmosomes in?

A

Skin, cardiac muscles, skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Other properties of Epithelia

  • Channels connected between two cells (pipe between two cells) (Connexin)
  • Fast communication, small molecules such as iron sugar can quickly diffuse based on concentration quickly move molecules to one cell to another.
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12
Q

Where might you might find a gap junctions?

A

heart, a lot of gap junctions, between cells in our heart. when our heart contracts there’s a smooth signals that moves through the heart to contract at once

  • Smooth muscles cells that are found of walls organs, arteries
  • Brain stems, there are some neurons that are responsible to control our respiratory neurons will be connected via gap junctions
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13
Q

Epithelia Nomenclature

A

Does it have one or more than one layer or cells?
Simple:1 cell layer
Stratified: > 1 cell layer

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14
Q

Epithelia Nomenclature

A

What do the cells look like?
Flatted fish scales: Squamous
Cubes: Cubodial
Colums: Columnar

Simple layers
Simple Columnar
Simple Cubodial

Stratified Columnar
Stratified layer - look at Apical surface
Stratifed squamous apial (bc apical surface flat and squatty)

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15
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Good for filtration and diffusion allowing things to move easily bc it’s only a single layer thick
Alveoli
Capillaries

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16
Q

Simple Cubodial Epithelium

A

Secretion - good at releasing molecules

Found in glands, ovaries

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17
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Involved in the absorption of molecules
Nucleui are closer to the basal surface
Digestive tract

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18
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Pseudo means fake
Attached at the basal membrane not all cells make it to the apical surface
Found in respiratory tract
Contains cilia move substances along a tissue
-moves dust and mucus

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19
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Other most layer flat and squatty

  • All of skin
  • Found these cells in skin, anus, vagina, mouth
  • Protection cells can run and get replaced
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20
Q

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Rare in the body-

  • lining duck or passage way
  • Multiple layer of cell
  • Found in ducks of glands where that are leading from the gland to the surface where the molecules will exit
  • Involved in passage ways allowing them to move

Found in male urethra

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21
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Found in urinares and bladder
Rounded, teardrop shape
Apical surfaces/ Borders look scalloped shape
Able to change their shape

as the bladder fills up with urine these cells will stretch and flatten out and add surface area so the thickness of the bladder appears less. How it happens the Golgi apparatus starts to giving off empty vesicles and those vesicles will fuse with the plasma membrane and increase the total surface within the plasma membrane. See desmosomes will tightly hold the cells together as they stretch and not pulled apart with all the pressure in the bladder and tight junctions will help with urine from leaking out.

22
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular products.
Grands in skin that secrete oils

Endocrine (inside) glands lacks ducts
Exocrine (outside) gland secrete via ducts

Duct narrow passage way.

Exocrine glands - Sweat gland all the simple cuboidal cells will producing the sweat and releasing the sweat and releasing to the cavity

Endocrine glands will release the products directly to the blood stream. (no ducks)

23
Q

What type of organelles do you think are particularly well developed in glands?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum if they are releasing the proteins.
Some glands release lipid base hormones so they have Smooth ER bc it’s making lipid base molecules
Golgi apparatus making sure these proteins are heading out
Mitochondria bulk transport process - a lot of ATP

24
Q

Multicellular Glands

A

Glandular epithelium at the bottom
We have the ducts
Stratified epithelium will take forever and multilayers to go through. Stratified layers never involved with secretion.

We want a simple layer of cells to secrete

Ducts can be endocrine/exocrine 
Most of the glands in the body
Peptiory glands 
Adrenal gland
Sabatious gland - secrete oil

Who use their ducks to move through the surface

25
Q

Unicellular Glands: Goblet cells

A

Individual cells producing tones of cells that produce mucus
Drinking cell
Contains a protein called muscine when it’s mixed with water will form mucus
Rough ER
A lot of mitochondria to power the exocytotic process
gogli apparatus packaging and shipping the mucine that’s made by the Rough ER
Use ATP made by the mitochondria for release
These goblet cells Digestive tract we find the microvilli for absorption piece

26
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Found throughout the body
  • Bind tissues together
  • Helps support the body
  • Protection preventing joints from dislocating or protecting vital organs, store energy and carry nutrients
  • Stores energy/carries nutrients
  • Variable vascularization (dermis layer that bleeds when you cut yourself)
  • Composed of a large amount of extracellular matrix and few cells
27
Q

What is the Extracelluar Matrix in connective tissue?

A

Ground substance - small glyco proteins (sugar). Sugar attracts water - huge ability to store water in it
Protein rebar - long fiber like (contrete like)
-Collagen “rebar” strong connective functions
-Reticular Fibers - shorter pieces “branched”
-Elastic fibers - stretchy “dark purple” wavy dark lines
Have all three of proteins in the extracellular matrix

Made by fibroblasts found in connective tissues, chondroblasts (cartilage), or osteoblast (bones)
Blast = producing something

28
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A 
Umbrella tissue 
Except for bones, cartilage  and blood 
Functions as bind tissues 
Able to resist tension 
2 subclasses: Loose and Dense Connective Tissue
29
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

Extracelluar matrix proteins are tightly packed
Full of collagen fibers
No spacing

30
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Fibers run in all direction
When we want to resist forces in one specific direction
Tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)

31
Q

Dense (Regular) Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Elastic fibers (dark color wavy lines) > Collagen Fibers

  • Stretchy and resist recoil
  • Found in Arteries, vocal cords
  • Fibers are run in the same direction

Both dense elastic and regular connective tissue fibers run in same direction

32
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissues

A

Fibers run in different directions
Aren’t able to resist as strongly
Resist motion and fibers in different directions not strongly with dense regular tissue
Found dermis

33
Q

Loose Connective Tissues: Areolar Tissue

A

Spacing between the fibers (open spaces) filled with ground substances
Glycoprotein
Roles in support, fluid retentions, and immune defense (macrophages)
-interstitial fluid - molecules have to pass through to get somewhere else

Fibers crisscross but a lot of spacing

34
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose

A 
Fat tissue (tryglcrides) 
cells full of Lipid droplets  
Purpose: 
1. Energy Storage 
2. Thermoregulation (help keep heat in) 
3. Cushioning 
Heavily vascularized 
Yellowish appearance (due to carotene with diet) 
Has proteins and mitochondria 
Extracellular matrix and collagen 
White open spaces and nuclei that have pushed to the edge of the cell
35
Q

What are the purposes of adipose tissues in the body?

A
  • Energy storage
  • Sterma regulation (provides insulation)
  • Cushioning (like like your butt)
36
Q

Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular Tissue

A

Short, brand fibers (branch)
Structutal support to allow large cavities for blood cells to run through
Different type of collagen
Forms a loose framework for the organ

37
Q

Connective Tissue - Cartilage

A

Found in vetebra, ears, nose
-Able to resist compression bc of high water content. It has prodiogclycan
-Squeezing the water out and as your release the compression the water allows it to spring back to it’s initial shape
-Avascular (no blood supply) not innervated (no nerves)
-Gets nutrients through movement
Diffusion
-Chondrocytes - mostly cellular matrix cells making all the collagen and elastin (chondrocytes)

38
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A 
Most prevalent cartilage in the body
Found in end of bones, ribs
-helps bones slide pass each. other 
-Smooth and glossy
-Lacuna cavities (lakes where chondrocyte float in) 
-Extracellular matrix LOOK homologous in color (pool of color, usually purple) 
-Type 2 collagen 
Compression
39
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Connective Tissue
Type 1 collagen
-Collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix
-Chondrocytes in lacunae
-Found in areas of the body that need to resist compression and shear forces
-hybrid between hyaline and dense regular connective tissue
-Found in disk that sit between vetebrae found in public synthesis and knee (meniscus)
-It’s not going to resist sheer forces as well as Dense regular connective tissue, not going to resist compression as well as hyaline.

40
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Looks like more cells
A lot of elastic cellular fiber (dark purple fibers) in extracellular matrix
Ear, epiglottis (in throat curl down and cover our trachea so food can move down our esophagus)

41
Q

Connective Tissue: Bone

A

If we cut through it, repeating structures, central canal surrounding by rings.
Cells sit in lacunae osteocytes (pumping out all of the collagen)
Osteocytes pump out all the collagen and laying down the extracellular matrix fitting in the ground substance which contains a lot of calcium
Calcium gives bone its hardness (hydrocypetite)
Central

42
Q

Connective Tissue: Blood

A

Liquid extracellular matrix - all source of protein and sugar molecules dissolved in the fluid part of your blood the plasma
Floating cells
-White blood cells -protecting body
-Red blood cells - carrying oxygen

43
Q

Epithelial Membrane

A
  • Not one of four tissue types
  • Consist of both epithetical and connective tissue
  • Line hollow organs, body cavities, and exterior body surface
  • Simple organ - two different type of tissues put together = organ
44
Q

Mucous membranes

A
  • Line all body cavities open to the exterior for ex entire digestive tract is lined with mucous membrane
  • Composed of epithelium and loose areolar connective tissue (lamina propria lots of spacing that can hold water)
  • Constantly bathed in secretion or urine (urinary system)
  • Not all secrete mucous
45
Q

Serous Membranes

A

-Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior
Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on loose aresolar connective tissue
-Produces a thin serous fluid
-Folds on itself - partial layer and visceral layer

46
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior

Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on lose areolar connective tissue

Produces a thin serqus fluid

Folds on itselfs - parietal layer (against the body wall) and visceral layer (against the organ)

Peritoneum = serous membranes in abdominal cavity
Pleura= serous membrane surround lungs
Pericardium=serious membranes surrounding heart

47
Q

Muscle Tissue Skeletal

A
  • Produces voluntary movement
  • Attaches to bones via tendons (connects muscle to bone)
  • Skeletal muscle cells are striated, long, cylindrical, and multi-nucleate (multiple nucleai per muscle cell)
48
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A
  • Only found in the heart
  • Involuntary (no ability to control)
  • Has striations, but are uni-nucleate, short, and have intercalated discs (serve as junctions between cells)
  • Y shaped
49
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A
  • Found in the walls of hollow organs, found in arteries to allow blood to move
  • Involuntary (no ability to control)
  • No striations, uni-nucleate, spindle-shaped (pointy at the end)
50
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Composed of neurons and support (glial) cells
  • Send electrical messages to other neurons and other -body tissues
  • Have long axons and dendrites
51
Q

Tissue Repair

A

Regeneration: Replacement of destroyed tissue is replaced with the same cells
ex, cut your skin

Fibrosis: replacement destroyed tissue with dense connective tissue (scaring) (muscle tissue & nervous tissue)
ex, scar, fibroblast will produce all collagen,

Regeneration capacity varies from tissue to tissue

  • Smooth muscle tissue like organ
  • Epithetical tissue and connective tissue are very good at undergoing regeneration

Some tissues aren’t able to regenerate - nervous tissue, can’t divide/go to mitosis. Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, brain, heart, skeleton muscles instead go through fibrosis will put up a lot of collagen and you’ll end up with scar tissue to fill in the space or form connections, cartilage can’t regenerate

Biology 108 (24 decks)

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