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Biology 108 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

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1
Q

How are cutaneous membrane different than the other membranes we discussed?

A

mucous and serous membrane
-Skin is open to the environment it’s a dry membrane
Still contains an epithelia and connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  • Protection against friction forces and chemicals, UV damage protection of Vitamin D is produced as a result UV ray from the sun converting cholesterol into another molecule which eventually becomes Vitamin D (really critical uptake of calcium from our digestive tract)
  • thermoregulation
  • Excretion (sweat - uria)
  • Immune functions (microbiom on skin) and skin is able to release enzymes and antibodies to fight them
  • Sensation - nerves that can feel mechanical stimuli
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3
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • produce an intermediate filament called keratin
  • provide protection
  • Connected via tight junctions prevent water moving in,, adherens junction to provide stability to connecting the actin cytoskeleton and desomomes to resist friction functions in all directions
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4
Q

Layers of the Epidermis (4)

A

Stratum corenum - these cells are dead no nucleus, no genetic material, bags of keratin

Stratum granulosum - 3-5 as they get pushed up they begin to degrade they’re organelles, 2 types of granules one in form of keratin that will begin crosslinking together to form large, stable network of this intermediate filament. The other type is full of glycolipids that were starting to be produced in the stratum spinosum. They will not only be release into the extra cellular space, but will also intercalate into the plasma membrane and cause adjacent cells to stick together like flue reinforcing tight juctions.

Stratum spinosum - 5 - 15 cells thick producing a lot precursor to keratin, produce gycolipids (non polar) that they are secreting into the extracellular matrix which plays a role in waterproofing our skin

Stratum Basale - only 1 cell thic. Skin stem cells are located, constantly going through mitosis

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5
Q

Other layers of the Epidermis

A

Epidermal Dendrtic cells/Langerhan cells - immune cell and any pathogens or bacteria come in it will phagocytos them and endocytosis and pass them into other cells in our immune system
Melanocytes - cells that produced the pigment Melanin
Merkel cells - sensory cells that senses mechanical stimuli and passes it on to nerve endings

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6
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A
  • Shiny and only found in thick skin. Palm of hands and sole of feet
  • Shiny appears shiny bc of lipoproteins which are a derivative of keratin

Sit beneath the stratum corneum and above stratum granulosum

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7
Q

Glabrous Skin

A

-Non hairy skin usually found lips, soles of feet or palms of hands

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8
Q

Life of Keratinocyte

A
  • Cells undergo mitosis in the stratum basale cube shaped as the daughter cells are made they get pushed upwards
  • Cells are then pushed upward into the stratum spinosum (where glycolipids are released) and stratum granulosum
  • As they’re moving up they flatten they degrading they’re organelle and nuclei and produce more keratin releasing glycolipids in the extracellular space
  • Change in morphology and anatomy
  • Death (stratum corneum) no organelles, no nuclei and there just to provide protection due to the strength of intermediate filament within
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9
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Found in the stranum basale
  • Produced pigment melanin
  • Packaged all melanin in vesicles called Melanosomes and then they’re released into extra cellcular envrionment and taken up by keratin
  • Melanin has darker color
  • Products our DNA. Melanin good at filtering UV rays
  • UV damaged the DNA and cells replicate uncontrollably which lead to cancer
  • Melanocytes are activated by sunlight and producing more melanin to give to the keratinocytes to protect themselves from the exposure from the UV rays
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10
Q

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

A

Produced by the peptitary gland
-will be produced by increased sunlight
Adrenal disorder and when women are pregnancy, placenta producing MSH and can leak out and lead to formation to linear nagra (form dark skin on abdomin)

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11
Q

What dictates skin color?

A

-Darker skin tones have more melanin in skin
-Everyone is born with the same amount of melanocytes ppl with darker skin they’re melancytes are more active producing more melanin
-Eumelanin (dark brown or black) vs pheomelanin first type of melanin we produce (yellow/reddish color)
MCR1 able to convert pheomelanin to eumenlanin (darker color)
-Ppl with fair skin mutation in MCR1 gene skin stays in pheomelanin (yellowish/reddish) skin (true with European annestry)
- African descent MCR1 doesn’t correlate with the Eumelanin
-Freaking/moles: when melanocytes clump together

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12
Q

Carotene also contribute to skin color

A
  • protein found in red vegetables
  • greater blood flow skin will appear red and no good blood flow will appear more blue

-dark perfusion blood to skin or look at their nails

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13
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • Dendric cells in the type of immune cell sit within epidermis found in stratum spinosum
  • recognize and ingest foreign microbes that get into our skin type of microphage and phagocytos those microbes that are ingested will be transferred to lysosome and breaking apart
  • t cells part of the immune response (memory cells) recognized microbes and able to destroy them
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14
Q

Nails

A
  • modified epidermis
  • Specialized stratum basale = nail matrix
  • Nails contain hard keratin
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15
Q

Dermis

A

Thicker than epidermis

  • Connective tissue
  • Contains all three extracellular matrix (collagen, elastic, reticular)
  • 2 layers
  • Pallipary dermis 20% of dermis
  • Reticular dermis 80%

Tightly adherent to epidermis - when do they separate?
When we get blisters

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16
Q

Papillary dermis

A

-Superficial 20% of the dermis
-Loose areola connective tissue - spacing ground substances of water
-Dermal papilla project in the overline of the epidermis peaks and valley (furrows)
Purpose - holds the layers together

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17
Q

Fingerprints

A

-Dermal papilla contributes to fingerprints
-where the epidermal pegs come down that when we see the ridges
-Where we have dermal papilla everyone’s different
-seen in glaborous skin/thick skin
-Fingerprints are not due to oil, no oil glands in fingertips it’s actually due to sweat glands
Furrow/valleys

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18
Q

Dermis paillar

A

where blood vessels run the blood vessels run up to the epidermis papilla
Cells in the basal layer get nutrients and oxygen via diffusion so it’s important we have all these blood vessels going up to the dermal pilla so those oxygen nutrients can diffusion out of the blood vessels and make it to the basal cells. Why cells die in the surface bc there are no blood vessicles and not getting their nutrients

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19
Q

Reticular Dermis

A

Depp 80% of dermis

  • Reticulum network looking dermis
  • Doesn’t have an abundance of reticular fibers
  • Dense irregular tissue
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20
Q

Flexure lines

A

Points where the reticular dermis attached to the underline connective tissue (muscle facia surround tendons or muscle)
-Areas constant motion and flexion we want the attachments to move smoothly

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21
Q

Hair

A

From fro cells in the stratum basale but arises from the stratum corneum
-hard form of keratin
Cells quickly become keratinized and die

Cuticle=outmost layer - thin squamous looking scales
Cortex=gives hair its color - middle layer
Medulla= softer and more fagile inner layer

Splitends hair becomes damaged - cuticle falls off and cortex and medulla separate

Purpose of hair in humans? - protection functions

Animals for thermoregulation

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22
Q

Hair follicle

A
  • Down in the dermis big tunnel where the hair sits in within the dermis
  • Cells come from stratnum basale
  • one part where the dermis comes into the hair follica in the hair bulb needs good vessel to get its nutrients in the dermis papilla
  • Melanocytes are right along the hair matrix producing melanin and given off the melansomes that will be taken off to the hair cells giving the color
23
Q

Lifecycle of a hair

A

Anagen Phase - spends most it time year
Catagen Phase - dermis paillpa will retract from the hair bulb/hair matrix so there’s no nutrients or blood supply
Telogen phase - hair falls out then new hair will start to grow near the dermis papilla

24
Q

Male baldness

A

Gene responses to anergen (testerone) and causes the cell to go through the haircycle faster. The hair never has time to erupt from the surface of the skin

25
Q

Arrector Pilli

A

small muscles that connects the hair follicle to dermal tissue
-Causes them to look like they’re standing up
Why do we have a muscle attached to our hair follicles?
-activation of the sympathetic nervous system

Do you think arrector pili are compose of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle?
-Smooth muscle bc it’s involuntary

26
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

-Found in dermis
-Connected to hair follicles
-Have ducts that feed onto on the hair follicles and have oils are released
-Secret sebum (oil)
-What kind of gland is a sebaceous gland? exocrine gland
Holocrine secretion -

Oil produced from testatrone

27
Q

What’s the deal with Acne?

A
  • Due to block sebaceous glands passage way gets blocked so oil can’t leave
  • When duct gets blocked all bateria continues to grow and replicate so body senses bateria overgrowth and send immune cells to site increase blood flow in that areas and WBC will fight and phagocytosi them until it becomes a head

Whiteheads: accumulate sebum, WBC, dead skin
Blackheads: dried, oxideized sebum, WBC,dead skin

28
Q

Oil

A

Oil that’s found in the sebum
everyone’s production of sebum is different due to the different porportions of lipids within the sebum. Once the sebum gets into the surface bacteria will consume and use as an energfy source then release gases that gives off a smell (unique smell)

29
Q

Eccrine Sudoriferous Glands

A

Sweat consist of urea, salts, acids, and water
-have their own duct leading to surface
-sweat is accidic skin is acidic due to sweat we release to prevent bacteria overgrowth
-controlled by nerves
-critical for body temperature control
What kind of gland is eccrine sweat gland?
-Exocrine gland bc they use a duct

30
Q

Apocrine Sudoriferous glands

A
  • Only find in axillae (armpits) and gential regions of the body
  • Bigger than Eccrine sweat glands
  • their duct empty onto a hair follicles
  • milky sweat but consists of fats and proteins
  • fats and proteins will be consumed by the bacteria that live on skin and will be an odor associated as they metabolize the fats and proteins
  • Don’t play a big role in thermoregulation

Why? In animals due to pheromones

31
Q

Breasts and Mammillary Glands

A
  • Modified sweat glands
  • Milk production by grandular epithelium
  • Separated into the lobes by connective tissue and adipose tissue
  • Avili which are cluster of cells which produce milk
  • Sabeous glands near the nipple to prevent chaffing when nursing
  • Simple cuboidal epithelial glands
32
Q

Sensory receptors:Merkel Cells

A

Sense sustained mechanical stimuli for example gripping coffee mug good at sensing curvature and sense them for a long period of time

33
Q

Messiner Corpuscles

A

close dermal and epidermal border

Sense vibration and dynamic mechanical stimuli for ex running hand and feel ridges and contour

34
Q

Pacinian Corpucles

A

Sense vibration and very fine textures located deep in dermis
look like an onion and have layers quite big

35
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A

Deep in the dermis
sense sustained mechanical stretch - knowning how bent joints are or body part in space
Found usually in hairy skin

36
Q

Hair follicles

A

Sense dynamic mechanical stimuli

37
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Sense pain, pleasurable touch, tickle itch, temperature

-Highest number of nerve fibers

38
Q

Why are some sensory receptors very close to the surface of skin while other cells are deeer?

A

-the ones closer to surface of skin will sense sensation on small part of the skin
-better tactile discrimination between them
Pacinina and Ruffini corpucles sense wide soth’s from skin bc they’re so deep

39
Q

Which sensory receptors will be responsible for sensing your phone vibrating in your pocket?

A

Messiner and pacininan corpucles bc they sense vibrations

40
Q

Which sensory receptors will be active when you pickcoffee it across the room

A

Merkel cells - sense curvature sustained stretch and give information that you’re holding the mug
Ruffini may give you some information

41
Q

Which sensory receptors will be active when you stub your toe on a chair?

A

Free nerve ending bc they’re responsible for pain sensation

42
Q

Cutaneous Blood Supply

A

Only blood getting to cells within the epidermis to statum basale and maybe the statnum granulosm Nutrients are getting there due to diffusion from the blood vessels that rise up to the derma papilla
Subpapillary plexus big network of different blood vessels
Dermal plexus (deep within the dermis) - giving rise to blood vessels that go into a lot of different places inlcuding subpapillary dermis

Critical for thermoregulation - there are different type of sphincters which are shut off valves that are present in these vessicles that connecting the dermal plexus and subpapillary plexus. In times when you’re cold and conserve body heat your sympathetic nervous system will tell these blood vessels to shut the door and limit the amount of blood that’s heading up to subpapillary plexus and eventually the dermis papilla. Most blood stays down within the body and heat retains. If you’re hot and dissipate heat, valves will open up blood will leave profusely and heat will radiating off we appear flushed.

43
Q

Tattoo

A
  • the tattoo needle deposits the ink into the dermis

- macrophases ingest the ink

44
Q

Hypodermis

A

Consists primarily of adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue
What roles do you think it plays in the body?
-Connective functions, cushioning, thermoregulating (hold heat in), energy storage

45
Q

Erythematous

A

Redness of skin more associated with infections

46
Q

Pallour

A

lack of blood flow

47
Q

Jaundiced

A

Skin looks yellow, issues with the liver, bile backs up into the blood stream

48
Q

Bruised

A

Escape blood, blood has escape from a blood vessel and hemoglobin main protein that carries oxygen as it is degraded turns some color

49
Q

Cyanotic

A

Blue skin

Good perfusion in body but not good oxygenation in body - respiratory problem

50
Q

Skin cancer

A

(new) Neoplasm - Uncontrolled cell replication
-can be benign or malignant
-benign= non cancerous, will not spread
malignat =cancerous, can spread

-Metastasis = spreading of cancer to other tissues uses most of body resources impact functions of organs and don’t have enough nutrientual support for body and organs start to fail due to growing cancer tumor

51
Q

Basal Cell Carinoma

A

Most common and least malignant type of skin cancer,

slow growing, due to UV exposure, formed by stratum basale

52
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Grows rapidly and metastasizes
due to UV exposure
Formed by cells in stratum spinosum

53
Q

Maligant Melanoma

A 
Formed by melanocytes
-High mortality rate 
-May develop spontaneously, as a result of UV damage or due to genetic mutations 
-Metasasizes rapidly 
Can arise from exiting moles
  • Can affect ppl with dark skin tones
  • affect black population
54
Q

ABCDE of Malignant Melanoma

A

Symmetrical, Even borders, One Color, Diameter smaller than 1/4 inch, non evolving no changes

Biology 108 (24 decks)

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