Joints of the Body Flashcards
The Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Contains an articular disc to increase congruency
What otions can occur in TMJ?
- Jaw elevation bringing mandible up to maxilla
- Jaw depression bringing mandible away from the maxilla
What muscles that you’ve learned work here?
- Temporalis
- masseter
Atlanto-Occipital (A-O) Joint
What motions can occur here?
Cervical flexion and extenion
Side bending = lateral flexion
No rotation betwn Atlas and Occiptial Condyles
What muscles that you’ve learned work here?
Sternocleidomastoid bilaterally (both) then we can get cervical flexion Cervical extension if we activate both upper trapezius
Erector spinae spinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis are attaching in the cervical region and up to skull so we get some extension and some side bending. - No scalenes don’t attach to the skull
Atlanto-Axial (A-A) Joint
What motions can occur here?
-rotation only
What muscles that you’ve learned work here?
-Sterncleidomastoid for rotation
The cruciform ligament sens a projection to the occiptial bone (it’s already attached to C1 laterally)
Transverse ligament - to hold the dens right to the anterior side of C1
If we didn’t have the transverse ligament then there if an injury occured it could crush the brain stem and spinal cord. Helps hold C1 right around this axis, this odontoid process
C3-C7 Facet Joints
Facet joints between adjacent vertebrae guide motion
• Which motions can occur throughout the rest of the cervical spine?
Flexion and extension, rotation, side bending (lateral bending)
• Which muscles cause these motions to occur?
Upper trapezius if contracted bilaterally we get some extension.
Side bending with our Scalene muscles. Sternocleidomastoid = rotation, flexion if we contract both Sternocleidomastoids
Erector Spinae some extension and lateral flexion
Hyoid Bone
Only bone not to articulate with another bone
if break bone could potentially have difficulty breathing bc where it sits in relation to larynx.
• Ligaments and muscles attach it to styloid process of temporal bones and
clavicle
• Attachment for muscles of neck that control larynx
Joints of the Thoracic Region
Facet joints between adjacent vertebrae guide motion
• Which motions can occur throughout the thoracic spine?
Rotation, flexion, extension, side bending = lateral flexion
Bc of the ribs coming in here, there is limited motion betwn two verbetra in thoracic region however
Once we add up across 12 joints that occur in thorriac region that’s why we’re able to do all movements. (small amount of each joint adds up to a whole)
• Which muscles cause these motions to occur?
Flexion rectus abdoiminal,
Rotation internal and eternal obliques
Erector Spinae = Extension and Lateral Flexion
Interferior and superior costal facet in ribs
Consta transverse joint where the transverse costal facet is going to articulate with the tubercle, the facet on the tubercle of the rib
Facet Joints of the Lumbar Vertebrae
Facet joints between adjacent vertebrae guide motion
• Which motions can occur throughout the lumbar spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion,
-No rotatation in lumbar spine
• Which muscles cause these motions to occur?
- Rectus Abdominis = flexion
- Internal and External Oblique for little rotation
-Erector Spinae for Side bending if activated unlilaterally
If activated bilaterally the extension
The Sternoclavicular Joint
Anterior/Posterior Sertnoclavicular ligament - strong capsule that if Before you dislocate your sternoclavicular joint you would fracture your clavicle.
Articular disc - fibrocatilage stresses put in the joint
Saddle joint - it’s not a rounded surface it has a different shape to help dictate what types of movement are in sternoclavicular joint.
-What motions can occur at the joint?
-Shoulder elevation and depression
Protraction and retraction -reaching
What muscles causes these motions to occur?
Upper trapezius = shoulder elevation
Lower trapezius = shoulder depression
Pecs minor = protraction antagonist would be middle trapezius retraction
The Acromioclavicular Joint (The A-C Joint)
Tipping motions with the scapula
Significant ligaments in the area
Coraclavicular ligament that attached from the lateral down our coronoid and trapezoid ligamennt. All these ligaments help hold these boney surface in place to help distribute force on shoulder. If these separate, some major issues with shoulder
AC joint separations
- torn the Aromioclavicular Ligment and likely thie rconoid and trapzoid or corclavicular ligament. Occurs when you fall on an Outstretched Arm - FOOSH or if you fall directly fall on Acromion that force from the ground is transmitted through your clavicle
When this happens there’s no connection between arm and clavicle
No surgery unless you’re a QB or pitcher. Gotta retrain muscles around
The Glenohumeral Joint
The joining of the head of humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
the most dislocated in the body
Subacrominal bursa - synovial membranes filled with synovial fluid and their job is just to reduce friction forces between different surfaces
Fibcrocartilage surrounds rim of gleniod which is called gleniod labrium.
Bicep tendon also attaches to gleniod labrium - too much force from bicep tendon will pull top from gleniod labrium - SLAP Lension Superior brum tear Anterior and Posterior
The Rotator Cuff
Which motions can occur at the glenohumeral joint?
- Shoulder flexion, extension (sagital plane)
- Shoulder ABduction and Adduction - Jumping Jacks (frontal plane)
- Internal and external rotation (transverse plane)
Horizantally ABduction and Horizontal Adduction (Sprinkler) (transverse plane)
• Which muscles cause these motions to occur?
Biceps Brachia flexion
Anterior Deltoid = shoulder flexion
Triceps Brachii and Posterior deltoid, Teres Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Minor = Shoulder Extension
Middle Deltoid and Supraspinatus = Shoulder ABduction
Latissimus Dorsi and Subscapularis Pectoralis Major, Teres Major = Shoulder ADDuction
Teres Major, Subscapularis, Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi = Internal Rotation
Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, = External Rotation
Pectoralis Major = Horizontal ADDuction
Posterior deltoid = Horizontal ABduction
The Elbow
Which motions can occur at the elbow joint?
Flexion and extension
• Which muscles cause these motions to occur?
Biceps brachia, Bichialis, brachioradialis,
Flexor digitorum Superficilais flex the elbow, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Flexor Carpi Radialis
Extension Triceps Brachii and a little Extensor Digitorum Muscle
The Elbow Lateral Side
Annular Ligament - Surrounds the radius and helps hold the head of radius against the radial notch of the ulna and we have the spin for supination and pronation that occurs there.
Radial Collateral Ligament - on medial or ligament side
The Elbow (Medial Side)
Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Attaches from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
What motions fo the UCL and RCL limit?
- The RCL will limit ulnar (medial) movement of the forearm on the humerus, and the ECL ligament will limit radial (lateral movement of the forearm on the humerus
Common injury with baseball pitchers
The Proximal and Distal Radioulnar Joints
What movements are available at these joints and what muscles perform them?
Pronation and supination
Bicep brachaii Supination
Pronator Teres Pronation
Radiocarpal and Intercarpal Joints
What motions are available at the wrist joint and what muscles perform them?
What motions do the UCL at the wrist and RCL limit?
Does not articulate at the wrist - ULNA
The collateral ligament resist motion in the direction opposite that which is their name so the Radial Collateral LIgament here will limit ulnar (medial) movement of the hand in relation to the forearm, and the Ulnar Collateral Ligament will limit radial (lateral) movement of the hand in relation to the forearm
What motions are availableat the wrist joint and what muscles perform them?
Flexion Extension, Radial Deviation and Ulnar Deviation, Supination and Pronation
What motions do the UCL at the wrist and RCL limit?
Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris = Flexion
Extensor Digitorum = Extension
Flexi Capri Radialis = Radial Deviation
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris = Ulnar Deviation
1st CMC Joint
Staddle joint
Abduction and Adduction - Sagittal plane
Flexion and extension - Frontal plane
What motions are available at the MCP, PIP, and DIP joints?
DIP and PIP Flexion and extension - sagittal plane
MCP Flexion and Extension, ABduction and ADDuction
What muscles perform these motions?
Extension digitorium,
flexor digitorum profundus = flexion
Superficilais gonna flex at all joints except DIP’s and Profundus can flex all joints MCP, PIP, DIP’s
The Hip Joint
• Articulation between the head of the femur and the acetabulum
(which three bones make this up?)
-Pubis, Ilium, Ischium and head of femur
• Contains a labrum made of fibrocartilage
Acetabular labrum that runs around the acetabulum
What kind of movement
Flexion, extension, ADDuction, ABduction, Internal/External Rotation
• Which muscles perform movements at the hip?
Iliacus and Psoas, Rectus Femoris, Sartorius = Flexion
Semimebranosus, Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris,
Abductor Magnus, Gluteus Max = Hip extension
Tensor fascia Latae = hip flexion
Gluteus minimusm=, tensor faciae latae, Satorius = ABduction
Adductor Magnus = Hip Adduction
Tensor Fascia Latae = Internal Rotation
Gluteus Maximus and Satorius = External Rotation
Iliofemoral - resist hip extension
Ischio femoral ligament - limit hip extension
Pubofermoal ligament - limit hip extension and ABduction
The Knee Joint
The knee joint is unstable and equivalent to the shoulder
- Patella sesamoid bone (embedded in a tendon)
- Patella ligament
Bursa - bag of synovial fliud
Subcutaneous preptella bursa
second bursa inflamed it’s job is to smooth the movemtn of the patellar tendon against this patellar fat pad
Intrapatella fat pad provides cushioning to the anterior aspect of the knee and highly innervated
The Knee Joint
The collateral ligaments limit motion that is opposite of what’s in their name. The LCL will resist demial motion of the Tibia on the Femur while the MCL will resist lateral motion of the Tibia on the Femur
MCL has good supply and able to heal on it’s on with rest
LCL need surgery
Collateral movement in the frontal plane
Anterior Curiate Ligament - running from posterior lateral femur down to anterior medial tibia
Posterior Cruciate Ligament - running posterior medial femur down to the posterior lateral tibia
ACL and PCL are ligaments not muscles
Trying to prevent anterior motion of tibia on the femur or posterior motion of the tibia on the femur = Sagittal Plane
Meniscus = Deepen the condyles on the tibia, can be torn
Tibia, fibila, talus bones articulate at the Talcrural
What motions can occur at the ankle joint?
-Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
What muscles cause these motions?
Tibilia Anterior and Extensor Digitorium Longus = Dorsiflexion
Gastrocnemius, soleus, fibularius longus = plantarflexion
Extensor Digitorium Longus antagonist of Gastrocnemius
Tibilias Anterior (dorsiflexion and inversion) would be antagonist of fibularius longus (plantarflexion and eversion)
Deltoid ligament = very thick and strong very rare to tear
Sprain ankled =
Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Tear when the foot moves medial in relation to the tibia - Pain on lateral side of ankle
Sometimes you hear high ankle sprain damaged to excessive dorsiflexion where the tilias wedged up to the tibia and fibula
Grade 1 0-10%
Grade 2 11-99%
Grade 3 Complete tear of the ligament
Any nerves that innervate a muscle that crosses a given joint will also innervate that joint.
For example:
Which nerves innervate the elbow joint?
Triceps crosses the elbow - radial nerve
biceps and brachaiilis - musculocutaneous nerve
flexor digitorium superficilais and profundis - median nerve
flexor carpi ulnaris - ulnar nerve
