Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
The Nose
A
- Nares - Nostrils
- Septum - hyline cartilage
- Mucosa - made up of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with cilia, some globet cell, heavily vascularized and able to radiate heat and humidify the air
- Mucus - Combination of water and glycoprotein known as mucin
- trap any foreign particles or bacteria
- Conchae - purpose swirl the air it causes particles to fly into the mucus those cilia will move the muscus with the particles and moving them to the esphogus and into our stomach acid will destroy any bacteria
2
Q
Paranasal Sinuses
A
- Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses - spaces not filled with bone, all lined with a mucosal surface and producing mucus
- Mucus clog those openings and feel some pain. As you breath in air will move into the sinuses air will be filtered and little particles will be pushed into the mucus within these paranasal sinuses but if we trap the sinuses and the mucus prevents any air from leaving slowly over time the oxygen and the gas in there will diffuse into the blood vessels that are lining all that mucosa. (lead to sinus headaches)
- Open into nasal cavity
- Line with respiratory mucosa
- They contribute to our voice and vibrating through the sinuses
- Bc they are hollow opening they decrease the wait of the skull
3
Q
The Pharynx
A
- Back of our throat
- 3 parts: Nasopharynx, Oropharyn, -expand part of your palate span from the soft palate all the palatine bone in the roof of your mouth all the way to the top of the epiglottis (covering over your wind pipe) Laryngopharyx
- Contains skeletal muscle - helps assist with we’re swallowing
- Contains Eustachian Tubes - horizontally tubes that run to your ears to help equalize pressure - when someone gets an ear infection it’s bc bacteria moved up those tubes and move to the inner ear (common in kids) not in adults bc of the
- Adenoid glands lympathetic and immune survelliance that will attack bacteria coming in
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/cilia but the we’re going to transition to stratified squamous epithelium in Oro/Laryngophayrnx bc it will undergo a lot of friction as we’re eating food that transfer there
- Oropharynx - Uvula dangly thing innervated by vagnus nerve
4
Q
The Larynx
A
- First part didicated to our digestive tract
- Sits above the trachea - part w/ cartilage
- Bounded by the hyoid bone superiorl y and trachea inferiorly
- Glottis is the opening
- Epiglottis is the thyroid cartilage
- bottom of the tounge muscles - important during swallowing the epiglottis will close the glottis and larynx so that food particles don’t go down into the respiratory tract
- Vocals cords
- Posterior to the tranchea will be our esophagus
5
Q
Larynx
A
- Hyoid bone only bone in the body that doesn’t articulate w/ another bone, connections of ligaments, some muscle, some epithelium membrane
- Thyroid cartilage - horseshoe shaped - part of what the epiglottis is attached to
- Laryngeal promience (Adam’s apple) - more prominent to males bc it’s wider and change the length of vocal cords and change to depth of pitch
- Below the Thryoid Cricoid cartilage - bigger anterior and small posteriorly
- Lateral view - Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) - sit superior to the vocal folds
- Inferior to them Vocal fold (true vocal cord)
- Cricoid cartilage smaller anteriorly but larger posteriorly
6
Q
Vocal folds
A
- True vocal folds attached to the Thyroid cartilage posterior attached to cricoartyenoid pieces of cartilage
- these mucles cause movement of the cartilage and causes changes the position of vocal chords (made of elastic fibers) of how open our glottis is
- Epiglottis made up of elastic cartilage also ears are made up, covered with a mucosa
- When we speak we are forcing air up through the glottis through essentially a closed glottis through a closed glottis and the vibration as the air moves through dictates our pitch
- slower vibration the deeper the sound the high vibration the higher the pitch
7
Q
The Trachea
A
- as we move down from larynx we have a Trachea
- Feel the ridges of cartilage will prevent the trachea from collapsing as air is moving in and out (breathing)
- Why would we want to horseshape?
- Food boluses that are traveling down our espohagus
- It allows the esophagus to expand into the lumen of the trachea to allow large food to pass through
- Hyline cartilage
- Trachealis muscle
- narrowing the opening of trachea - important when we’re coughing
- By constricting the hyaline cartilage with our trachea but pushing the same amount of air that air will be higher pressure and dislodge whatever is in our airway
- The cilia we find in our respiratory tract after we pass down into our layyn and below and beating upwards towards our esophagus
- Lots of mucus here - Globet cells producing mucus in addition to them producing mucus sub mucosal layer where there are seromucus glands
8
Q
Bronchi
A
- Left and Right Bronchi - head individually towards the lungs
- Heart sits anterior where our lungs sit and the blood vessels
- the blood vessels coming off the heart will be anterior to the trachea
- Right Bronchi is wider and more vertical
- When we do have food that goes down the respitory tract - tends to lodge towards the right main bronchi
- With our lungs we have three lobes to our lungs on the right and two lobes on the left
- Cartilaginous rings - there’s elastin and smooth muscle and constrict or dilate the airways
- Layer with a mucosa
- Each start to narrow - Lobar bronchi one for each lobe, 3 right and 2 left
- Lobar bronchi narrow into segmental bronchi
- Even smaller from there when we move on to our respiratory zone
9
Q
Respitory Zone
A
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles - no smooth muscle or mucosa with globets cells, cilia bc of the diameters too small and clog easily
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveloi - where gas exchanges occur (oxygen moving moving from our bloodstream carbon dioxide moving from our bloodstream to be expired, exhaled
- Simple squamous epithelum, helps with diffusion
- Covered with bloodvessels to allow diffusion betwn the alveoli and the circulatory system to occur
- Alveolar pores important int he event that we do get some mucus down here that blocks some of the openings to alveoli to get fresh air and allow that oxygen to get into the blood stream
10
Q
Avelolus
A
- Aveloli covered with capillaries - red bloodcells travel through
- Bc of the simple squamous epithelium on our capillary our endothelium here we’ll have easy diffusion. The oxygen is it going to be able to quickly diffuse through both of those cells and onto red blood cells and any carbon dioxide that is dissolved in our blood or is carried by the red blood cells will be able to move out, back into the alveolus so that it can then move out back into the avelous so that can move out of our lungs as we exhale
- Macrophages - phagocytize any little pieces of debris any dust particles make it down the aveoli
- Move up along the respiratory tree and once they get to the point where they’re in more of the regular bronchioles that still have the pseudostratified columnar epithleium and move through the cilia
- Type I Avelolar cells will be our simple squamous epithelium that are allowing for the diffusion
- Type II alveolar cells special cells that secrete a chemical surfactant is an oil substance that covers the alveoli and gives some surface tension to prevent avlveolar from collapasing (prevents lung from collapsing)
- Not made in fetus until second trimester - premature infants need to given exogenous surfactant bc they’re not producing it or themselves.
- Blood coming in from pulmonary artery they are supplying capillaries (deoxygenated blood)
11
Q
A
- Terminal bronchial
- Respiratory bronchioles leading to these alveloi
- Capillaries with blood coming in from the pulmonary artery supplying the capillaries here and deoxygenated blood is slowly becoming oxygenated as the oxygen is diffusing through the type I cells and will go out through our pulmonary veins and see all the elastic fibers that help give that elastic recoil so that they can deflate a little bit and also expand
12
Q
Macrostructure of the Lungs
A
- Right lung only has three lobes
- Indentation on the left lung (Cardiac Notch) and two lobes bc of where the heart sits next to the sternum
- Tranverse fissure/horizontal fissure(right lung) and oblique fissures in both lungs separating the right side the inferior and the middle then the left side the superior and the inferior. This is the olique fissure and this is the transverse fissure
- The medial side of the lungs, the part that faces, the bronchi, we see the vessels - Hilum
- Lungs have an apex - first rib and calvicle
- Bottom is diaphramatic surface
- whole other surface is called the coastal surface (facing the ribs)
13
Q
Bronchopulmonary Segment
A
- Each of the segments are separated by a dense fibrous connective tissue sequesters some of the different segments and prevents the cancer from getting through there
- Each lung weighs about 2 pounds - mostly filled with air - made up of loose stroma within them that gives some shape to them
14
Q
A
- Cardiovascular system is sitting anterior to the pulmonary system and our heart and the blood vessels that come off of it are anterior to where our bronchi and trachea and those are anterior to the esophagus
- Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein are going to anterior to the main bronchi
-
Pleura layer outside of the lungs
- lungs sit in the plur cavity which is outside our mediastinum
15
Q
The Pleura
A
- What kind of membrane is the pleura?
- Serous membrane just like the pericardium - very thin simple squamous epithelum sitting on loose aerolar connective tissue produces a fluid pleura fluid which sits between 2 layers one continous membrane that folds on itself
- viseral pleura and pariteal cavity right against the ribs
- Serous membrane just like the pericardium - very thin simple squamous epithelum sitting on loose aerolar connective tissue produces a fluid pleura fluid which sits between 2 layers one continous membrane that folds on itself
- Pleural cavity filled with a thin layer of pleural fluid
- To reduce friction and hold the lung to the interior of thoracic rib cage
- No muscles on lungs - movement of the chest that helps air draw in and bc lungs are attached to the inside of the chest when we move the chest it will pull open the lungs to allow air to come in
- Diaphramtic surface there’s some extra space there that will allow for the lungs expand
16
Q
Pneumothorax
A
- When air is getting to the plural space
- causes stabbed, car accident
- breached the plural space and now not held together by pleural fluid now the lung will collapse and not held with the chest wall and when you move the chest it doesn’t move with it and no way to move air efficiently and have gas change occue
- Easy fix to reinflate lung and insert chest tube into the plural space
18
Q
Muscle of Respiration - External Intercostals
A
- External Intercostals
- run between the ribs
- Run in the same directions as the abominals
- Origin - the bottom superior rib
- Insertion - Superior of inferior rib
- Innervation - innercoastal nerve
- Function - Elevate the ribs and rotate them upwards
Start where the spinal column run all the way to the front and stop about the area where the costal cartilage starts. You can see an aponeurosis deep is where our internal intercoastals are
So we have a external internal coastal membrane
19
Q
Internal Intercoastals
A
- Deeper layer
- Origin - top rib below run bottom of rib above
- Insertion -
- Innervation - inner coastal nerve t1 - t11
- Function - depress ribs and rotate them downwards
Run from the sternum and run posterior to the angle of the rib only have an internal intercoastals membrane
The rotation happening here at those coastotransverse and costovertebral joints where the head of the rib is coming on to the vertebra to the vertebral body at those demi facets and the costotransverse joints on the transverse processes
24
Q
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD
A
- Characterized by dyspnea, coughing, hypoxia (less oxygen)
- pnea - disordered breathing
- “a” means without like sleep apnea (stop breathing)
- Irritation and inflammation in airways
