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IMS > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Type of connective tissue that supports and binds other tissues together

A

Cartilage

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2
Q

Type of CT that stores nutritional substances

A

Adipose tissue

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3
Q

which germ layer is the CT derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

Where is the superficial fascia?

A

Between skin & underlying organs

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5
Q

Where is the deep fascia?

A

Bound to tendons & ligaments

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6
Q

Where is the subserous fascia?

A

Between the deep fascia and serous membranes

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7
Q

Fibres + ground substance =

A

Extracellular Matrix

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8
Q 
What class of CT are the following;
loose
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic
reticular
adipose
A

types of CT proper

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9
Q

2 types of fluid CT

A
  1. Blood

2. Lymph

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10
Q

2 types of supporting CT

A
  1. Cartilage

2. Bone

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11
Q

What cells produce collagen, elastin and reticular fibres?

A

Fibroblasts

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12
Q

Difference between dense regular and dense irregular CT

A 
regular = collagen fibres are parallel and unidirectional
irregular = densely packed collagen fibres which are interwoven
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13
Q

What type of proper CT would you find in the liver & spleen?

A

Reticular

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14
Q

What support cell would you find in the cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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15
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

Reduces friction between bony surfaces

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16
Q

Which cartilage is found in the trachea and bronchi?

A

Hyaline

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17
Q

Characterisitic of elastic cartilage

A

tolerates distortion without damage

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18
Q

Function of fibrocartilage

A

Prevents bone-to-bone contact

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19
Q

Which cartilage is found within the knee joints

A

Fibrocartilage

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20
Q

What compound makes the bone hard & rigid

A

Calcium phosphate

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21
Q

2 types of bone tissue

A
  1. Compact

2. spongy/cancellous

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22
Q

Cells contained within the vascular CT

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, RBC, WBC

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23
Q

Surface & glandular are types of what

A

Epithelia

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24
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  1. Mesoderm
  2. Ectoderm
  3. Endoderm
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25
Q

Which is the 2 tissues originate from the ectoderm?

A
  1. Nervous

2. Epithelia

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26
Q

What holds membranes together in epithelia?

A

Intercellular junctions

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27
Q

Where is the apical (free) surface in epithelia?

A

Facing the lumen

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28
Q

Which epithelial cell lines blood vessels & air sacs?

A

Simple squamous

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29
Q

Which epithelial cell lines kidney tubules & glands?

A

Simple cuboidal

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30
Q

Location of simple columnar

A

lines digestive tract

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31
Q

Which epithelial cells secretes mucus through goblet cells (2)

A
  1. simple columnar

2. stratified columnar

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32
Q

What type of epithelial cell is on the outer layer of the skin?

A

Stratified squamous

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33
Q

What 2 components are found on the apical surface of epithelia?

A
  1. microvilli

2. Cilia

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34
Q

3 types of cell junctions

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Tight junctions
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35
Q

What protein is incorporated into desmosomes?

A

Cadherins

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36
Q

2 types of glands

A
  1. Exocrine

2. Endocrine

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37
Q

Branched duct system in glandular epithelium

A

Compound

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38
Q

Single tube system in glandular epithelium

A

Simple

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39
Q

Which colour marrow stores minerals, calcium salts & lipids

A

Yellow

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40
Q

Which colour marrow produced blood cells?

A

Red

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41
Q

2 layers of perichondrium

A

1) outer fibrous irregular CT layer

2) Inner cellular layer

42
Q

Describe the arrangement of collagen fibres in hyaline cartilage

A

Closely packed

43
Q

Describe the arrangement of collagen fibres in fibrocartilage

A

densely interwoven

44
Q

Which type of cartilage absorbs shock?

A

Fibrocartilage

45
Q

2 types of cartilager growth

A
  1. Interstitial growth

1. Appositional growth

46
Q

What cell undergoes mitosis in interstitial growth?

A

Chondrocytes

47
Q

What do fibroblasts differentiate into in appositional growth?

A

chondrocytes

48
Q

What do chondrocytes secrete in appositional growth?

A

New matrix into perichondrium

49
Q

2 forms of ossification

A
  1. Endochondral

2. Intramembranous

50
Q

What cells produce spongy bone?

A

osteoblasts

51
Q

What cells are osteoblasts derived from in endochondral ossificiation?

A

Fibroblasts

52
Q

In intramembranous ossification what do mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

53
Q

In intramembranous ossification, what replaces spongy bone?

A

Compact bone

54
Q

What bones undergo intramembranous ossification?

A
  • flat bones
  • skull
  • mandiable
  • clavicle
55
Q

What 3 arteries supply the bone?

A
  1. Nutrient artery
  2. Metaphyseal artery
  3. Periosteal artery
56
Q

Which type of bone forms the diaphysis of bone?

A

Compact

57
Q

What type of cell secretes enzymes that dissolve bone matrix?

A

Osteoclast

58
Q

Which type of bone are osteons found in?

A

Compact bone

59
Q

Which type of bone contains trabeculae?

A

Spongy bone

60
Q

How do nutrients reach spongy bone, as it lacks capillaries?

A

By diffusion along the canaliculi

61
Q

3 types of muscle

A
  1. Smooth
  2. Cardiac
  3. Skeletal
62
Q

How to differentiate histological slides of cardiac and striated muscle?

A

The fibres in cardiac muscle are interconnected by intercalated discs

63
Q

Name of CT sheath surrounding skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

64
Q

CT layer surrounding a singlular fascicle?

A

Perimysium

65
Q

What do muscle fibres consist of?

A

Muscle fibres

66
Q

What cells are found within muscle fibres?

A

Satellite cells

67
Q

Name of fibres in muscle fibres

A

Myofibrils

68
Q

2 myofilaments in myofibrils

A
  1. actin

2. myosin

69
Q

Resting MP=

A

-95mv

70
Q

Function of T-tubules

A

allow rapid conduction of potential changes throughout muscle

71
Q

Name of section of sarcoplasmic reticulum that enlarges and fuses to forms chambers (at the end)

A

Terminal cisternae

72
Q

Which part of the muscle stores Ca2+

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

73
Q

When the action potential is conducted along the T-tubule, where does Ca2+ travel to and from?

A

from sarcoplasmic reticulum to the sarcoplasm

74
Q

Explain the movement of myofilaments during muscle contraction

A

Actin slide over myosin

75
Q

Which part of myosin attaches to actin?

A

Myosin head

76
Q

What other molecules are associated to actin? (2)

A
  1. Troponin

2. Tropomyosin

77
Q

What is tropomysosin attached to?

A

Troponin

78
Q

Name the binding sites of the 3 compartments of troponin:

  1. I
  2. T
  3. C
A
  1. Actin
  2. Tropomyosin
  3. Calcium
79
Q

When troponin binds to calcium, its conformational shape is changed. what does this allow?

A

Tropomyosin to move away from the myosin binding site on actin

80
Q

What triggers the opening of Na channel in the sarcolemma?

A

Binding of ACh to ACh receptors

81
Q

What is ACh broken down by

A

AChE

82
Q

Why is ACh broken down?

A

So that the muscle can stop contracting

83
Q

After muscle contraction, how do Ca2+ return to the sarcoplamic reticulum?

A

Active transport pump, that uses ATP

84
Q

What is tension in the muscle dependent on?

A

The number of cross bridges between actin and myosin

85
Q

What is the relationship between degree of stretch and tension?

A

Positive

86
Q

3 main phases of a twitch

A
  1. Latent period
  2. Contraction peroid
  3. Relaxation peroid
87
Q

What is treppe, in terms of muscle contraction?

A

If the 2nd stimulation occurs immediately after the end of the relaxation phase, the next contraction will be slightly bigger.

88
Q

What is incomplete tetanus?

A

Summation of contractions just after start of relaxation peroid. slowly induces tension.

89
Q

What is incomplete tetanus?

A

Increasing stimulating frequency, eliminating the relaxation phase. contraction occurs upto maximum tension.

90
Q

2 things that muscle tone enables

A
  1. maintenence of posture

2. maintenence of diameter of tubular structures to allow passage

91
Q

2 types of contraction

A
  1. Isometric

2. Isotonic

92
Q

2 types of isotonic contraction

A
  1. Eccentric

2. Concentric

93
Q

In which type of isotonic contraction are cross bridges shortened?

A

Concentric

94
Q

Name of CT surrounding 1 muscle fibre

A

Endomysium

95
Q

Which filaments are in I bands?

A

Thin actin

96
Q

Which filaments are in A bands?

A

Both thick and thin filaments

97
Q

What type of cell junctions are in cardiac muscle?

A
  1. Gap

2. Desmosomes

98
Q

What is the only thing that stimulates contraction in cardiac muscle?

A

Pacemaker cells

99
Q

Explain distribution of myofilaments in smooth muscle

A

Scattered

100
Q

Which type of muscle is multinucleated and fused?

A

skeletal

IMS (14 decks)

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