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IMS > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of cell communication

A
  1. endocrine
  2. paracrine
  3. synpatic
  4. contact-dependent
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2
Q

what is paracrine signalling?

A

sends signals to neighbouring cells

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3
Q

3 organs that are specifically glands

A
  1. adrenal
  2. pineal
  3. adrenal
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4
Q

3 organs which have an endocrine function but specialise in something else

A
  1. testis
  2. ovary
  3. pancreas
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5
Q

secretions from the pituitary gland (PG) active endocrine cells in which 4 organs

A
  1. adrenal gland
  2. thyroid gland
  3. testis
  4. ovary
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6
Q

where is the PG?

A

under the brain

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7
Q

2 sections of PG

A

anterior and posterior

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8
Q

3 components of the epithelia of anterior PG

A

1) pars distalis
2) pars tuberalis
3) pars intermedia

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9
Q

3 cell types in anterior PG, according to dyes

A

1) acidophils
2) basophils
3) chromophores

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10
Q

why do chromophores not stain?

A

they have too few granules

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11
Q

2 cells of the acidophils

A

somatotrophs

lactotrophs

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12
Q

what hormone is secreted by somatotrophs?

A

growth hormone

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13
Q

what is prolactin secreted by?

A

lactotrophs

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14
Q

3 basophilic cells

A
  1. corticotrophs
  2. gonadotrophs
  3. thyrotrops
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15
Q

what do corticotrophs secrete?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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16
Q

effect of ACTH

A

causes adrenal gland to release cortisol

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17
Q

what cell secretes both FSH and LH?

A

gonadotropins

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18
Q

which hormone stimulates progesterone secretion?

A

LH

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19
Q

what do thyrotrophs secrete?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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20
Q

effect of TSH

A

causes thyroid to secrete hormones

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21
Q

main component of posterior PG

A

pars nervosa

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22
Q

which 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior PG?

A
  1. oxytocin

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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23
Q

effect of ADH

A

renal water retention

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24
Q

where is the pineal gland?

A

under the brain

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25
Q

what 2 cells are contained within the pineal gland

A
  1. glial cells

2. pinealocytes

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26
Q

what cells secrete melatonin

A

glial cells

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27
Q

what is melatonin secretion responsive to?

A

light

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28
Q

what connects the 2 thyroid lobes?

A

isthmus

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29
Q

3 hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A
  1. T4 = thyroxine
  2. T3 = triiodothyronine
  3. calcitonin
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30
Q

in an underactive thyroid explain level of colloid and T4

A

increased colloid

decreased T4

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31
Q

in an overactive thyroid explain level of colloid and T4

A

decreased colloid

increased T4

32
Q

which gland are embedded on the posterior thyroid surface?

A

parathyroid glands

33
Q

what does the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

34
Q

which cell secretes PTH?

A

Chief cells

35
Q

what type of gland is the pancreas?

A

both exocrine and endocrine

36
Q

effect of glucagon?

A

increases glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase blood glucose level

37
Q

effect of insulin?

A

increases glycogen syntehsis in the liver to decrease blood glucose level

38
Q

which islet of langerhans cell produces inhibiting peptide?

A

Delta

39
Q

what does the inhibiting enzyme inhibit release of?

A

glucagon and insulin

40
Q

what do the F cells of the IOL secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

41
Q

function f pancreatic polypeptide

A

inhibits gall bladder contraction

42
Q

what type of hormones does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Steroid

43
Q

3 areas of the adrenal cortex (From inner to outer)

A
  1. Zona reticularis
  2. Zona fasiculata
  3. Zona glomerulus
44
Q

which area of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?

A

zona reticularis

45
Q

which area of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids?

A

Zona fasiculata

46
Q

which area of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?

A

Zona glomerulus

47
Q

what 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

48
Q

what hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus to allow release of LH and FSH from the PG?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone

49
Q

where is progesterone produced?

A

Ovaries

50
Q

which hormone causes negative feedback to the hypothalamus secreting GnRH? - female

A

Progesterone

51
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

Testis

52
Q

which hormone causes negative feedback to the hypothalamus secreting GnRH? - male

A

Testosterone

53
Q

which hormone causes negative feedback to the hypothalamus secreting corticotropic releasing hormone?

A

cortisol

54
Q

what gland and hormone causes the thyroid to release T4 and T3

A
  1. hypothalamus; thyroid releasing hormone

2. PG; thyroid stimulating hormone

55
Q

which organ secretes renin?

A

kidney

56
Q

what enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

A

ACE

57
Q

which organ is glucagon like peptide 1 secreted form?

A

small instesine

58
Q

function of glucagon like peptide 1

A

causes insulin to secrete

59
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmunity

60
Q

what cells completely lose function in type 1 diabetes

A

beta cells - islets of langerhans

61
Q

what is glycaemia?

A

high blood glucose

62
Q

what is dyslipidaemia

A

abnormal amounts of lipid in the blood

63
Q

3 routes for receptor based signal

A
  1. nervous system
  2. endocrine system
  3. locally produced factors
64
Q

what is autocrine signalling?

A

when a cell signals itself

65
Q

2 ways a hormone can have an effect on a cell

A
  1. enter cell and bind to intercellular receptors

2. bind to membrane receptors - requires secondary messenger

66
Q

which type of hormones can enter the cell?

A

lipophillic

67
Q

by which type receptor does epinephrine work?

A

Type 2 receptor - G protein

68
Q

2 types of secondary messengers

A

cAMP

Ca2+

69
Q

how are secondary messengers activated?

A

binding of ligand (hormone) to the cell membrane receptor

70
Q

what protein do ca2+ ions work with?

A

Calmodulin

71
Q

which diseases’ mechanism involves a toxin activating the G protein?

A

Cholera

72
Q

example of paracrine hormone and its effect

A

somatostain - inhibits insulin secretion

73
Q

which hormone undergoes autocrine communication?

A

Insulin-like growth factor

74
Q

what is intracellular signalling?

A

signalling between different organelles of the same cell

75
Q

where are neurotransmitters made?

A

The axon

IMS (14 decks)

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