Cancer

Question 1

what is cell transformation?

Answer 1

process of changes from a normal cell to a neoplasmic cell

Question 2

what are familial cancers?

Answer 2

inherited

Question 3

what penetrance does a familial cancer have?

Answer 3

high

Question 4

what are sporadic cancers?

Answer 4

acquired diseases

Question 5

what penetrance does a sporadic cancer have?

Answer 5

combination of low

Question 6

what virus can cause genetic damage?

Answer 6

oncovirus

Question 7

2 types of cancer causing genes

Answer 7

• oncogenes

- tumour suppressor genes

Question 8

what is an amplification mutation?

Answer 8

multiple copies of chromosomal regions

Question 9

what is an inversaion mutation?

Answer 9

reversal in orientation of chromosomal region

Question 10

what does loss of heterozygosity mean?

Answer 10

loss of one allele

Question 11

how many changes oncogene are needed to become a proto-oncogene?

Answer 11

1

Question 12

how many changes in the tumour-suppressor gene are needed to cause cancer?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

are proto-oncogenes dominant or recessive?

Answer 13

dominant

Question 14

are TSG dominant or recessive?

Answer 14

recessive

Question 15

function of oncogenes

Answer 15

stimulate cell growth

Question 16

function of TSG

Answer 16

repress cell growth

Question 17

which growth factor is mutated to cause uncontrolled angiogenesis?

Answer 17

PDGF

Question 18

Growth factor receptor for angiogenesis?

Answer 18

VEGF

Question 19

GF receptor for breast/ovarian cancer?

Answer 19

EGF

Question 20

mutated growth factor singalling in pancreatic cancer

Answer 20

RAS

Question 21

mutated cyclin in oesophageal cancer

Answer 21

cyclin D1

Question 22

mutated cyclin in liver cancer

Answer 22

cyclin E1

Question 23

3 ways a proto-oncogene become an oncogene?

Answer 23

1) activation of amplification
2) mutation
3) chromosomal rearrangement

Question 24

where in the cell cycle do TSG work?

Answer 24

cell cycle check points

Question 25

3 different types of TSG

Answer 25

1. Gatekeeper genes
2. caretaker genes
3. landscaper genes

Question 26

which TSG regulates cell division and growth?

Answer 26

gatekeeper

Question 27

which TSG repairs DNA?

Answer 27

caretakeer

Question 28

function of landscaper

Answer 28

modulate stroma cells

Question 29

3 examples of possible proto-oncogenes

Answer 29

1. Ras
2. Her 2
3. VEGF

Question 30

3 examples of possible TSG

Answer 30

1. Rb (retinoblastoma gene)
2. p53
3. BRCA1 and 2

Question 31

usual function of p53

Answer 31

cell apoptosis

Question 32

what isnt regulated when BRCA1 gene is mutated?

Answer 32

Microtubules

Question 33

how long is the incubation time for viral causes of cancer?

Answer 33

10-20 years

Question 34

how to viruses affect risk of cancer?

Answer 34

predispose - but not sufficient enough to induce complete transformation