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IMS > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what is cell transformation?

A

process of changes from a normal cell to a neoplasmic cell

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2
Q

what are familial cancers?

A

inherited

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3
Q

what penetrance does a familial cancer have?

A

high

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4
Q

what are sporadic cancers?

A

acquired diseases

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5
Q

what penetrance does a sporadic cancer have?

A

combination of low

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6
Q

what virus can cause genetic damage?

A

oncovirus

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7
Q

2 types of cancer causing genes

A
  • oncogenes

- tumour suppressor genes

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8
Q

what is an amplification mutation?

A

multiple copies of chromosomal regions

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9
Q

what is an inversaion mutation?

A

reversal in orientation of chromosomal region

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10
Q

what does loss of heterozygosity mean?

A

loss of one allele

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11
Q

how many changes oncogene are needed to become a proto-oncogene?

A

1

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12
Q

how many changes in the tumour-suppressor gene are needed to cause cancer?

A

2

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13
Q

are proto-oncogenes dominant or recessive?

A

dominant

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14
Q

are TSG dominant or recessive?

A

recessive

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15
Q

function of oncogenes

A

stimulate cell growth

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16
Q

function of TSG

A

repress cell growth

17
Q

which growth factor is mutated to cause uncontrolled angiogenesis?

A

PDGF

18
Q

Growth factor receptor for angiogenesis?

A

VEGF

19
Q

GF receptor for breast/ovarian cancer?

A

EGF

20
Q

mutated growth factor singalling in pancreatic cancer

A

RAS

21
Q

mutated cyclin in oesophageal cancer

A

cyclin D1

22
Q

mutated cyclin in liver cancer

A

cyclin E1

23
Q

3 ways a proto-oncogene become an oncogene?

A

1) activation of amplification
2) mutation
3) chromosomal rearrangement

24
Q

where in the cell cycle do TSG work?

A

cell cycle check points

25
Q

3 different types of TSG

A
  1. Gatekeeper genes
  2. caretaker genes
  3. landscaper genes
26
Q

which TSG regulates cell division and growth?

A

gatekeeper

27
Q

which TSG repairs DNA?

A

caretakeer

28
Q

function of landscaper

A

modulate stroma cells

29
Q

3 examples of possible proto-oncogenes

A
  1. Ras
  2. Her 2
  3. VEGF
30
Q

3 examples of possible TSG

A
  1. Rb (retinoblastoma gene)
  2. p53
  3. BRCA1 and 2
31
Q

usual function of p53

A

cell apoptosis

32
Q

what isnt regulated when BRCA1 gene is mutated?

A

Microtubules

33
Q

how long is the incubation time for viral causes of cancer?

A

10-20 years

34
Q

how to viruses affect risk of cancer?

A

predispose - but not sufficient enough to induce complete transformation

IMS (14 decks)

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