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IMS > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of cell in the nervous system

A
  1. Glial cells

2. Neurones

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2
Q

What type of macrophage do you have in the NS?

A

Microglia

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3
Q

What is a pseudounipolar neurone?

A

Cell body is attached the axon

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4
Q

Which neurones carry out their function within the brain?

A

Interneurones

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5
Q

Which glial cell in the CNS forms myelin around the axon?

A

Oligodendrocyytes

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6
Q

Which glial cells in the PNS form myelin around the axon?

A

Schwaan cells

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7
Q

What is the CNS made up from?

A
  1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the PNS made up from?

A
  1. Somatic

2. Autonomic

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9
Q

What makes up the somatic NS?

A

sensory and motor neurones

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10
Q

Which PNS is voluntary

A

Somatic

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11
Q

Which fluid protects both the spinal cord and brain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

What bones protect;

i) Brain
ii) Spinal cord

A

i) Skull

ii) vertebral column

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13
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Outer layer of brain

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14
Q

3 types of meninges; in order from inner membrane to outer.

A
  1. Pia mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Dura mater
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15
Q

Which space in the meninges contains fat?

A

Epidural space

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16
Q

which meninges layer is elastic?

A

Arachnoid mater

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17
Q

Where is the subdural space?

A

between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

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18
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater

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19
Q

2 functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  1. Protect

2. Provide nutrients

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20
Q

Where is the CSF produced?

A

Chloroid plexus of brain

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21
Q

How many ventricles in the brain?

A

4

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22
Q

Name the 4 ventricles of the brain

A
  1. 2 x lateral ventricles
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
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23
Q

blood flow to the brain:

A
  1. heart; internal carotid and vertebral artery
  2. brain - dural sinuses
  3. back to heart - internal jugular vein
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24
Q

blood flow to the spinal cord

A

posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries

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25
Q

blood flow from the spinal cord to heart

A

posterior intercostal and lumbar veins

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26
Q

Function of blood brain barrier

A

Prevent toxic substances from entering the brain

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27
Q

Function of astrocytes in the brain

A

allow tight junctions to be formed between cells

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28
Q

What drugs can pass the BBB?

A

Lipophillic drugs

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29
Q

2 types of matter in the NS

A

White and grey

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30
Q

What is the white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons

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31
Q

What is contained within the grey matter?

A

Unmyelinated neuronal axons and glial cells

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32
Q

Which matter does synaptic transmission and neural integration occur?

A

Grey matter

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33
Q

4 regions of the spinal cord

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lunmbar
  4. Sacral
34
Q

2 regions of the grey matter

A
  1. Doral horn

2. Ventral horn

35
Q

Which neurone originates in the ventral horn?

A

Efferent

36
Q

Which neurone travels to the dorsal horn?

A

Afferent

37
Q

2 hemispheres of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum

2. Diencephalon

38
Q

What is contained within the cerebrum?

A
  1. Deep nuclei

2. Cerebral cortex

39
Q

What is contained within the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

40
Q

4 areas of the brainstem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
  4. Reticular formation
41
Q

What functions does the medulla oblongata conduct?

A

autonomic;

  • breathing
  • heart digestion
  • digestion
42
Q

Functions of reticular formation

A

Involuntary;

  • awareness
  • attention
  • wakefulness & sleep
  • consciousness
43
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

control and coordination of movement

44
Q

Which 2 places does the cerebellum feeback to?

A
  1. Brainstem

2. Cerebral cortex

45
Q

Function of thalamus

A

processes sensory info from the cerebral cortex

46
Q

What 3 things does the hypothalamus regulate?

A
  1. Autonomic
  2. Endocrine
  3. Visceral functions
47
Q

Which area of the brain are basal ganglia?

A

Deep nuclei/muscle

48
Q

What connects the 2 hemispheres in the cerebral cortex?

A

Corpus callosum

49
Q

What allows a great surface area in the cerebral cortex?

A

Sulcus and gyrus

50
Q

Name 4 lobes of cerebral cortex

A
  1. Temporal
  2. Occupital
  3. Frontal
  4. Parietal
51
Q

What is the only thing which is stimulated by both parasympathatic and sympathetic systems?

A

Salivary gland secretion

52
Q

Where do fibres emerge from in the parasympathetic?

A
  1. Brain

2. Sacral spine regions

53
Q

Where do fibres emerge from in the sympathetic?

A
  1. Thoracic
  2. Lumbar
    T1 -L2
54
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system supply?

A
  • visceral organs
  • sweat glands
  • arrector pilli
  • arteries
  • veins
55
Q

Which system has a long pre-ganglionic neurone and a short post-ganglionic neurone?

A

Parasympatheic

56
Q

Where is adrenaline released from?

A

Adrenal medulla

57
Q

What is SLUDD?

A 
Functions of parasympathetic NS
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defacation
58
Q

Which organs only recieve sympathetic innervation ? (3)

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. sweat glands
  3. pili erector muscles
59
Q

Define cholinergic

A

releases ACh

60
Q

Define adrenergic

A

releases adrenaline/noradrenaline

61
Q

What do sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones always secrete and from which receptor?

A

ACh from nicotinic

62
Q

Which post-ganglionic neurone secretes Noradrenaline in the sympathethic system?

A

Blood vessels

63
Q

Which sympathetic system only has one neurone secreting ACh?

A

Adrenal medulla

64
Q

The parasympathetic NS always secretes ACh, which neurone has a nicotinic receptor and which has a muscarinic receptor?

A

Pre-ganglionic = nic

post - ganglionic = mus

65
Q

What do a1 adrenic receptors act on?

A
  • blood vessels
  • sweat glands
  • salivary glands
66
Q

what is the effect of a1 receptors?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. dilation of pupil
  3. constriction
67
Q

Effect of K+ secretion on a1 receptors?

A

Increased

68
Q

Which adrenic receptors are involved in synpatic nerve transmission?

A

a2

69
Q

which adrenic receptors causes inhibition of epinephrine secretion?

A

a2

70
Q

which adrenic receptor is associated with the posterior pituitary?

A

b1

71
Q

which adrenic receptor causes increased ADH secretion?

A

b1

72
Q

Where are b3 receptors?

A

Brown adipose tissue

73
Q

what effects do b3 receptors cause?

A

Lipolysis and thermogenesis

74
Q

Which muscarinic receptor is associated with a lower heart rate?

A

M2

75
Q

which receptors affect the CNS;

  • memory
  • arousal
  • attention
  • analgesia
A

m1, m4, m5

76
Q

which cholingeric receptors affect glands and smooth muscle

A

M3 - muscarinic

77
Q

area on the cell body where axon attaches

A

axon hillock

78
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

Telodendria

79
Q

2 types of synapses

A

1, Electrical

2. Chemical

80
Q

usual location of electrical synapse

A

smooth muscle and cardiac cells

81
Q

What class of NT are adrenaline, histamine, dopamine etc?

A

Monoamines

82
Q

Purine NT

A

ATP and adenosine

IMS (14 decks)

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