Nervous system Flashcards
2 types of cell in the nervous system
- Glial cells
2. Neurones
What type of macrophage do you have in the NS?
Microglia
What is a pseudounipolar neurone?
Cell body is attached the axon
Which neurones carry out their function within the brain?
Interneurones
Which glial cell in the CNS forms myelin around the axon?
Oligodendrocyytes
Which glial cells in the PNS form myelin around the axon?
Schwaan cells
What is the CNS made up from?
- Brain
2. Spinal cord
What is the PNS made up from?
- Somatic
2. Autonomic
What makes up the somatic NS?
sensory and motor neurones
Which PNS is voluntary
Somatic
Which fluid protects both the spinal cord and brain?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What bones protect;
i) Brain
ii) Spinal cord
i) Skull
ii) vertebral column
What are the meninges?
Outer layer of brain
3 types of meninges; in order from inner membrane to outer.
- Pia mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Dura mater
Which space in the meninges contains fat?
Epidural space
which meninges layer is elastic?
Arachnoid mater
Where is the subdural space?
between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
Where is the subarachnoid space?
Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
2 functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?
- Protect
2. Provide nutrients
Where is the CSF produced?
Chloroid plexus of brain
How many ventricles in the brain?
4
Name the 4 ventricles of the brain
- 2 x lateral ventricles
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
blood flow to the brain:
- heart; internal carotid and vertebral artery
- brain - dural sinuses
- back to heart - internal jugular vein
blood flow to the spinal cord
posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries
blood flow from the spinal cord to heart
posterior intercostal and lumbar veins
Function of blood brain barrier
Prevent toxic substances from entering the brain
Function of astrocytes in the brain
allow tight junctions to be formed between cells
What drugs can pass the BBB?
Lipophillic drugs
2 types of matter in the NS
White and grey
What is the white matter?
Myelinated neuronal axons
What is contained within the grey matter?
Unmyelinated neuronal axons and glial cells
Which matter does synaptic transmission and neural integration occur?
Grey matter
4 regions of the spinal cord
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lunmbar
- Sacral
2 regions of the grey matter
- Doral horn
2. Ventral horn
Which neurone originates in the ventral horn?
Efferent
Which neurone travels to the dorsal horn?
Afferent
2 hemispheres of the brain
- Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
What is contained within the cerebrum?
- Deep nuclei
2. Cerebral cortex
What is contained within the diencephalon?
- Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
4 areas of the brainstem
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
- Reticular formation
What functions does the medulla oblongata conduct?
autonomic;
- breathing
- heart digestion
- digestion
Functions of reticular formation
Involuntary;
- awareness
- attention
- wakefulness & sleep
- consciousness
Function of cerebellum
control and coordination of movement
Which 2 places does the cerebellum feeback to?
- Brainstem
2. Cerebral cortex
Function of thalamus
processes sensory info from the cerebral cortex
What 3 things does the hypothalamus regulate?
- Autonomic
- Endocrine
- Visceral functions
Which area of the brain are basal ganglia?
Deep nuclei/muscle
What connects the 2 hemispheres in the cerebral cortex?
Corpus callosum
What allows a great surface area in the cerebral cortex?
Sulcus and gyrus
Name 4 lobes of cerebral cortex
- Temporal
- Occupital
- Frontal
- Parietal
What is the only thing which is stimulated by both parasympathatic and sympathetic systems?
Salivary gland secretion
Where do fibres emerge from in the parasympathetic?
- Brain
2. Sacral spine regions
Where do fibres emerge from in the sympathetic?
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
T1 -L2
What does the sympathetic nervous system supply?
- visceral organs
- sweat glands
- arrector pilli
- arteries
- veins
Which system has a long pre-ganglionic neurone and a short post-ganglionic neurone?
Parasympatheic
Where is adrenaline released from?
Adrenal medulla
What is SLUDD?
Functions of parasympathetic NS Salivation Lacrimation Urination Digestion Defacation
Which organs only recieve sympathetic innervation ? (3)
- Blood vessels
- sweat glands
- pili erector muscles
Define cholinergic
releases ACh
Define adrenergic
releases adrenaline/noradrenaline
What do sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurones always secrete and from which receptor?
ACh from nicotinic
Which post-ganglionic neurone secretes Noradrenaline in the sympathethic system?
Blood vessels
Which sympathetic system only has one neurone secreting ACh?
Adrenal medulla
The parasympathetic NS always secretes ACh, which neurone has a nicotinic receptor and which has a muscarinic receptor?
Pre-ganglionic = nic
post - ganglionic = mus
What do a1 adrenic receptors act on?
- blood vessels
- sweat glands
- salivary glands
what is the effect of a1 receptors?
- Vasoconstriction
- dilation of pupil
- constriction
Effect of K+ secretion on a1 receptors?
Increased
Which adrenic receptors are involved in synpatic nerve transmission?
a2
which adrenic receptors causes inhibition of epinephrine secretion?
a2
which adrenic receptor is associated with the posterior pituitary?
b1
which adrenic receptor causes increased ADH secretion?
b1
Where are b3 receptors?
Brown adipose tissue
what effects do b3 receptors cause?
Lipolysis and thermogenesis
Which muscarinic receptor is associated with a lower heart rate?
M2
which receptors affect the CNS;
- memory
- arousal
- attention
- analgesia
m1, m4, m5
which cholingeric receptors affect glands and smooth muscle
M3 - muscarinic
area on the cell body where axon attaches
axon hillock
Terminal branches of axon
Telodendria
2 types of synapses
1, Electrical
2. Chemical
usual location of electrical synapse
smooth muscle and cardiac cells
What class of NT are adrenaline, histamine, dopamine etc?
Monoamines
Purine NT
ATP and adenosine
