Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Term for science of structure
Anatomy
Term for science of body functions
Physiology
Subdivision of anatomy which can only be seen with a microscope
Microscopic anatomy
Definition for macroscopic anatomy
Anatomy which can be seen with the naked eye
Which subdivision of anatomy contains cytology?
Microscopic
Which subdivision of anatomy do these belong to: Embryology Developmental Pathological Radiographic Systemic vs Regional Surface Surgical
Macroscopic
Give examples of subdivisions of physiology
Cell physiology Systems physiology Pathophysiology Exercise physiology Neurophysiology Reproductive physiology Endocrinology Cardiovascular physiology Immunophysiology Respiratory physiology Renal physiology
What 3 things can you do to assess the structure and function of the human body?
Palpation
Auscultation
Percussion
What is palpation?
When the examiner feels the body surfaces with their hands
Examples of palpation
Pulse and heart rate
What is Auscultation?
The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
Examples of auscultation
Listening to the lungs/heart with a stethoscope
What assessment does this describe:
The examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting echo.
Percussion
In percussion, what sound does a mass make?
dull sound
In percussion, what sound does air make?
Tympanic (drum) /hyper-resonant (loud sound)
If the body is lying face down, what position is it in?
Prone
If the body is lying face up, what position is it in?
Supine
Regional name: Cephalic
Head
Regional name: Brachial
Arm
Regional name: Gluteal
Bum
Regional name: Lumbar
Lower back
Regional name: axillary
Armpit
Regional name: Plantar
Sole of foot
Regional name: Popliteal
Back of patellar
Regional name: Antecubital
Front of elbow
Regional name: Olecranal
back of elbow
Regional name: Sacral
Back of inbetween the hips
Regional name: acromial
shoulder (superior to the scapular)
Regional name: Crural
Front of lower leg
Regional name: Sural
Back of lower leg (calf)
Rostral
Closer to the beak/nose; top end of spinal cord
Caudal
Closer to the tail; bottom end of spinal cord
How are sections named which have been cut?
According to the plane in which they have been cut
Functions of body cavities (3)
- Protect
- Support
- Separate from internal organs
What are dorsal cavities lined by?
Meninges
What 2 cavities make up the dorsal cavity?
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
What 3 cavities make up the ventral cavity?
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
What lines the ventral cavity?
Pleura & peritoneum
What divides the thoracic cavity into 2 pleural cavities?
The mediastinum
What cavities encloses the lungs?
Pleural
What cavity surrounds the heart?
Pericardial
What does the mediastinum contain and what does it not?
Contains all thoracic viscera (organs)
doesnt contain the lungs
What 2 parts is the abdominopelvic cavity split into?
- Superior abdominal
- inferior pelvic cavity
What organs are contained within the abdominal cavity?
Stomach Spleen Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Small intestine Most of large intestine
What organs are contained within the pelvic cavity?
Urinary bladder
Portions of large intestine
Internal female & male reproductive structures
How does medical imaging allow us to diagnose disease?
To view the inside of the body to observe whether anatomy is present
What type of imaging produces a 2D image on film?
Conventional radiography
What resolution does conventional radiography have for soft tissues?
Poor resolution
What is the major use of conventional radiography?
Osteology
Examples of conventional radiography (regions)
chest x-ray
abdominal x-ray
Describe how conventional radiography is conducted
Single burst of x-rays
Which imaging involves a moving x-ray beam?
Computed Tomography (CT scan)
Which view does a CT scan show the body and in what format?
Cross-section, video monitor
Which imaging techniques show soft tissues in detail?
CT scan and MRI
Which imaging can produce 3D views?
CT scan
What does DSA stand for?
Digital Subtraction Angiography
What is injected into blood vessels in DSA?
Radioplaque material
What are removed to make the image more clearer in DSA?
distracting pre-contrasting image
What is DSA used to show?
Blood vessels
Describe an ultrasound scan
High frequency sound waves emitted by a hand-held device
3 advantages of an ultrasound
- safe
- noninvasive
- painless
What is the name of the graph produced by an ultrasound?
Sonogram
What 3 things is an ultrasound used for?
- foetal ultrasound
- examination of pelvic & abdominal organs, heart
- blood flow through blood vessels
Which imaging makes the body exposed to a high-energy magnetic field?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Explain how an MRI is conducted
protons align themsleves relative to the magnetic field
pulse of radiowaves are used to create a video image
Who shouldnt the MRI be used on?
Patients with metal in their body
What does PET stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
What substance is injected in a PET scan?
One that emits +vely charged particles
What happens to the positively charged particles in a PET scan?
collide with negatively charged electrons in tissues which produces gamma rays
What does the camera detect in a PET scan?
gamma rays
Dorsal (2 meanings)
Closer to the back, back of hand
Ventral
Closer to the front
what does the diaphragm separate the abdominopelvic cavity from?
the thoracic cavity
Structure in between the thighs which separates gonads from rectal area
peritoneum
4 bones forming the pelvic girdle
- sacrum
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
3 linear terminalis in the pelvic area
- arcuate line
- pectineal line
- pubic crest
what 2 areas of the pelvis are separated by the pelvic inlet?
- false (greater) pelvis
2. true (lesser) pelvis
Name of the bottom of the pelvic area
pelvic floor
2 openings in the pelvic floor
- urogenital hiatus (urethra/vagina)
2. anal canal
2 types of pelvic floor muscles
- ischiococcygeus
2. levator ani
which bones are connected by the ischiococcygeus
- ischial spine
2. coccyx
3 muscles of levator ani:
- iliococcygeus
- pubococcygeus
- puborectalis
where does the puborectalis span?
public bone, around rectal structures, pubic bone
Which muscles relax in order to urinate and deficate?
levator ani
who has a wider and shorter sacrum ? M/F
F
whos coccyx is more movable? M/F
F
whos greater sciatic notch is narrow and deep? M/F
m
who has a wider pelvic inlet and outlet? M/F
F
3 pelvic ligaments
- articular
- peritoneal
- foetal remnants
which ligaments span from bone to bone?
Articular
which ligament joins 2 areas of the spine together?
lumbosacral ligament
what ligament attaches the sacrum and coccyx together?
sacrococcygeal ligament
which joint joins 2 pubic bones together?
pubic symphysis
3 pelvic foramen
- greater sciatic foramen
- lesser sciatic foramen
- obturator foramen
where does the sciatic nerve pass through?
greater sciatic foramen
where does the piriformis muscle pass through?
greater sciatic foramen
Which 2 pouches are in the female?
- rectouterine pouch of douglas
2. uterovesical pouch
what pouch is in the male?
rectovesical pouch
what does the rectouterine pouch of douglas separate?
rectum and uterus (F)
what does the rectovesical pouch separate?
Rectum from bladder (M)
what does the uterovescial pouch separate?
bladder and uterus
