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Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the name simple squamous epithelium

A 
simple= 1 layer
squamous = squashed
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2
Q

Where would you find simple squamous epithelium? (3)

A

Lining blood vessels, air sacs of the lungs, kidney

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3
Q

What is the basement membrane called in simple squamous epithelia?

A

Basal lamina

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4
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelium

A

Allows exchange of nutrients, waste & gases

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5
Q

What organelle is visible in simple squamous epithelium?

A

Nucleus

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6
Q

Which type of epithelium is present in kidney tubules and glands?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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7
Q

Explain the name simple cuboidal

A 
simple = 1 layer
cuboidal = square shaped
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8
Q

Where is the nucleus located in simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Central

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9
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretes, excretes & reabsorbs water and small molecules

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10
Q

Explain the name pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A 
pseudostratified = 1 layer but appears there are many due to the many nuclei
columnar = tall cells
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11
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?

A

Trachea, oesophagus (Upper respiratory tract)

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12
Q

What cytoplasmic projections do pseudostratified columnar epithelium have?

A

Cilia

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13
Q

What do cilia in pseudostratified columnar epithelium contain>

A

Bundles of microtubules

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14
Q

Function of cilia in pseudostratified columnar epithelium (2)

A
  • Increase SA

- beat synchronously to help move mucus along the respiratory tract

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15
Q

Type of cells in pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Goblet cells

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16
Q

Function of goblet cells

A

Secrete mucus to catch bacteria

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17
Q

What type of epithelia are goblet cells more common in?

A

Glandular epithelia

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18
Q

Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium (2)

A

Secretion, absorption

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19
Q

What type of epithelium does the surface of skin of the human scalp have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

What are the 2 skin appendages in the skin?

A

Hair follicles, sweat glands

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21
Q

3 layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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22
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains dead keratinocytes?

A

Stratum corneum

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23
Q

White section of skin histological slide

A

Adipose tissue

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24
Q

What pigment does the stratum basale contain

A

Melanin

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25
Q

What type of collagen fibres does the skin contain?

A

Dense irregular fibres

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26
Q

What glands are attached to the hair follicles?

A

Sebaceous glands

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27
Q

Describe what dense irregular connective tissue is

A

Collagen fibres in all directions

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28
Q

Function of keratinocytes

A

Secrete keratin- provides waterproof layer

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29
Q

What is desquamation?

A

Cells dying and rising to the top layer (stratum corneum) to shed

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30
Q

Which layer of the epidermis do cells divide in?

A

Stratum basal

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31
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Produce melanin - pigment

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32
Q

Function of sebaceous glands

A

Produce sebum

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33
Q

Function of sweat glands

A

Produce sweat

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34
Q

2 Types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine & apocrine

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35
Q

5 layers of epidermis (inc. layer in thick skin - state this) from TOP TO BOTTOM

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (thick skin)
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basal
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36
Q

Describe the cells in stratum granulosum

A

cells contain granules which are full of lipid-rich secreion; water sealent

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37
Q

Describe the cells in the stratum spinosum

A

cells have many desmosomes which allows them to anchor to one another. contain keratin

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38
Q

Which layer of the skin contains elastin and collagen fibres?

A

Dermis

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39
Q

name 2 regions of the dermis

A

Superficial region = papillary dermis

Deeper region = reticular dermis

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40
Q

Which region of the dermis contains loose CT

A

Superficial

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41
Q

Which region of the dermis contains dense CT

A

deeper

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42
Q

Which region of the dermis extends into the epidermis? and what are the projections called?

A

Papillary dermis.

dermal papillae

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43
Q

Which region of the dermis contains fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes?

A

Reticular dermis (deeper region)

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44
Q

Which layer of the dermis do the hair follicles originate?

A

Dermis

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45
Q

What type of glands are sweat glands?

A

Exocrine

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46
Q

What type of epithelium lines the sweat glands?

A

Simple cuboidal

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47
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ducts of the sweat glands?

A

Stratified columnar

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48
Q

What type of secretion occurs in exocrine glands

A

Holocrine

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49
Q

Describe the cells in the sebaceous glands

A

Rounded vacoules filled with lipids

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50
Q

What organ has both exocrine and endocrine function?

A

Pancreas

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51
Q

What is the exocrine section of the pancreas composed of?

A

closely packed acini cells

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52
Q

What epithelia surround the pancreatic ducts?

A

Columnar

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53
Q

What are the sections of the exocrine pancreas called?

A

Lobules

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54
Q

Where are the ducts located in exocrine pancreas (2)?

A

within the lobules - intralobular ducts

outside of the lobules - extralobular ducts

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55
Q

What are extralobular ducts in pancreas surrounded by?

A

CT

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56
Q

What are intralobular ducts in pancreas surrounded by?

A

Acini

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57
Q

Where do the islets of langerhans secrete hormones?

A

Directly into the blood

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58
Q

How are the hormones secreted in the exocrine pancreas?

A

Via zymogen granules

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59
Q

what is the name of one unit in the lobule of exocrine pancreas

A

Acini

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60
Q

What is an acini?

A

A group of cells which all secrete into zymogen granules. nuclei are arranged on the periphery of the acini

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61
Q

What cells make up the Islets of Langerhans?

A

(neuroendocrine cells) Alpha, beta, delta, PP

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62
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

Insulin

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63
Q

What do alpha cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

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64
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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65
Q

What enzymes are secreted by exocrine pancreas?

A

Trypsin & chymotysin

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66
Q

What are the islets of langerhans supported by?

A

Reticular fibres

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67
Q

What is aroud each islet?

A

Capsule

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68
Q

Where is the duodenum

A

Small intestine

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69
Q

Name the layers of the duodenum

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

70
Q

What is contained within the mucosa?

71
Q

Function of villi

A

To increase SA for absorption

72
Q

What type of cells are contained within the villi of the duodenum>

A 
Goblet cells = secrete mucus
Enterocytes = absorption
73
Q

What is the outer layer of the villi called?

A

Brush border

74
Q

Where is the lamina propria?

75
Q

What type of cells are contained within the lamina propria?

A

Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Plasma cells

76
Q

What colour do the goblet cells look like on the histological slide of the duodenum?

77
Q

What CT makes up the lamina propria?

A

Loose connective tissue

78
Q

Where are the crypts in the duodenum?

A

Base of villi

79
Q

What do the crypts secrete?

A

Pancreatic juice

80
Q

What type of cells are at the base of the crypts? (2)

A

Paneth cells and endocrine cells

81
Q

Function of paneth cells

A

Secretes lysosomes; defensive function

82
Q

What to the endocrine cells of the duodenum secrete?

A

Secretin, somatostatin, enteroglucagon

83
Q

Where does cell proliferation take place in the duodenum?

84
Q

What type of glands are in the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands

85
Q

Function of brunner’s glands

A

secrete mucus to protect duodenal lumen

86
Q

What is the submucosal plexus and its function?

A

Neural tissue which regulates contractions and glandular secretions

87
Q

Name the layers of muscularis duodenum and their location

A

Circular (inner) and longitudinal (outer)

C comes before L in alphabet

88
Q

What are the layers of the mucularis covered by?

89
Q

Shape of circular muscularis

A

Compact spiral

90
Q

Shape of longitudinal muscularis

A

Elongated helix

91
Q

What type of glands are within the liver?

92
Q

What type of cells surround the central vein?

A

Hepatocytes, reticular endothelial cells, macrophages

93
Q

What type of cells are between the hepatocytes?

A

Red blood cells

94
Q

Function of hepatocytes

A

Secrete bile

95
Q

What are the basic units in liver tissue?

96
Q

Which vein in the liver is surrouned by CT and which is not?

A

Central vein - no CT

Hepatic portal vein - CT

97
Q

How to differentiate between the central vein and portal vein?

A

Portal vein has cells around the periphery

98
Q

What is the bile duct surrounded by in the liver?

A

Epithelia - cholangiocytes

99
Q

Explain the pathway of bile flow from the hepatocytes

A

Bile canaliculi , bile duct, hepatic duct

100
Q

Pathway of blood flow in liver

A

Sinusoids, central vein, hepatic portal vein, inferior vena cava

101
Q

Which 2 vessels supply the liver?

A

Hepatic artery - blood

Hepatic vein - nutrients from GI tract

102
Q

What type CT does the liver posses?

103
Q

What makes up the liver lobule?

A

Central vein which is surrouned by 6 portal canals in a hexagonal arrangement.

104
Q

name for 3D arrangement of hepatocytes

A

Hepatic laminae

105
Q

What is inbetween hepatic laminae

A

Hepatic sinusoids which are endothelial lined

106
Q

What are canaliculi in liver?

A

Grooves between hepatocytes - where bile is secreted

107
Q

Name 2 sections of the adrenal gland

A

Cortex & Medulla

108
Q

What type of tissue is on the outer layer of adrenal gland?

109
Q

What type of gland is the liver and both its regions?

110
Q

Which section of the adrenal gland is on the outer edge and which is on the inner edge?

A

Outer - cortex (c comes first in alphabet)

Inner - medulla

111
Q

What type of cells are contained within the medulla?

A

Ganglion cells

112
Q

Where did the medulla derive from?

A

The neural crest

113
Q

What hormones do the granular cells of the medulla contain>

A

Adrenaline & noradrenaline and cholesterol

114
Q

From outer to inner, name the layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Facsiculata
Zona Reticularis

115
Q

What type of hormones does the zona glom. secrete and give examples.

A

Mineralcorticosterioids- aldosterone

116
Q

What type of hormones does the zona fascic. secrete and give examples.

A

glucocorticoids - Cortisol

117
Q

What hormones does the zona retic. secrete?

A

Androgens & oestrogens

118
Q

Where is the thyroid gland locates?

A

Anterior surface of the trachea

119
Q

Basic unit of thyroid gland

120
Q

What do the lobules contain

A

Follicles of hormones

121
Q

What hormones are made within the lobules and what is the function of them ?

A

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3) - metabolism

122
Q

Where is calcitonin made in the thyroid gland?

A

Cells in between follicles = parafollicular cells

123
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

Calcium homeostasis

124
Q

What epithelium does the follicle contain in thyroid gland?

125
Q

What is the lumen of the thyroid gland follicle contained with?

126
Q

What structures are inbetween the lobules in the thyroid gland?

A

Blood vessels and CT

127
Q

What is colloid?

A

Inactive T3 & T4 bounded to glycoprotein (thyroglobin)

128
Q

Is smooth muscle striated?

129
Q

How many nuclei are in each strand in smooth muscle?

130
Q

How is the nucleus positioned in smooth muscle?

131
Q

What shape do the nuclei have in smooth muscle?

132
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary

133
Q

Location of smooth muscle

A

Blood vessels, skin, resp system, digestive system, urinary, reproductive

134
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated?

135
Q

Describe the arrangement of the striations of the straited muscle to the skeleton?

136
Q

Muscle which is voluntary

137
Q

Describe the arrangement of the fibres in skeletal muscle

A

Longitudinal

138
Q

Each fibre in skeletal muscle is multinucleated. True or false?

139
Q

What do the skeletal muscle fibres contain?

A

Fused myoblasts

140
Q

What are the fibres in skeletal muscle surrounded by?

141
Q

What does Loose CT contain?

A

Collagen and elastin fibres

142
Q

What is the striation?

A

Sarcomere = many myofibrils

143
Q

Muscle which is involuntary and has striations

144
Q

Where is the only place you’ll find cardiac muscle?

145
Q

What is a main characteristic of cardiac muscle?

A

the striations are interconnected with each other

146
Q

What connects the sarcomeres in cardiac muscle?

A

Intercalated discs

147
Q

What type of cell is contained within cardiac muscle?

148
Q

What are the white sections in the cardiac muscle slide?

149
Q

Position of nuclei in cardaic muscle

150
Q

3 types of junctions in cardiac muscle

A

Anchoring junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

151
Q

which has a thinner wall, artery or vein?

152
Q

which has a larger lumen, artery or vein?

153
Q

Which has more elastic and collagen prominent layers, artery or vein?

154
Q

Describe the intima in the vein

A

Thin endothelial lining

155
Q

Which layer of the vein has very little smooth muscle & elastin

A

Tunica media

156
Q

Which tissue is contained within the T.Adv of the vein?

157
Q

Which layer of the vein contains collagen fibres and the vasa vasorum?

A

Tunica Adventitia

158
Q

Which have a greater vasa vasorum, artery or vein?

159
Q

Describe T.Media of the artery

A

Smooth muscle & sheets of elastin and collagen

160
Q

Describe T.Adv of the artery

A

vasa vasorum, loosely woven collagen & elastin fibres

161
Q

Another name for white fibrous CT

A

Dense regular tissue

162
Q

What makes regular tissue dense?

A

Linear direction of the fibres

163
Q

Where will you find dense regular tissue?

A

Tendons & ligaments

164
Q

What fibres are contained within dense regular tissue?

165
Q

What type of cells are contained within dense regular tissue and what is their function?

A

Fibroblasts - secrete collagen

166
Q

What is the white fibrous tissue mainly made out of?

A

Extracellular matrix

167
Q

What specific cells are contained within white fibrous tissue?

A

Dividing cells

168
Q

Where are reticular fibres found?

A

Liver, lymph node, spleen (immune system)

169
Q

What tissue are reticular fibres classed as?

170
Q

What fibres are contained within reticular fibres?

A

Collagen fibres

IMS (14 decks)

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