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ME2019 PART 1 > Tissues 2 > Flashcards

Tissues 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are glands?

A

Collection of secretory epithelial cells

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2
Q

How many cells do glands have?

A

They may be single cells (goblet cells) or multicellular (sweat glands)

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3
Q

What is an example of a single celled gland?

A

Goblet cells

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4
Q

What is an example of a multicellular gland?

A

Sweat glands

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5
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A

Exocrine (secrete into tubes)

Endocrine (secretes into the blood)

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6
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete into tubes

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7
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete into the blood

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8
Q

Why are exocrine glands locally acting whereas endocrine glands can effect distant tissue?

A

Because exocrine glands release their contents onto a nearby epithelial tissue whereas endocrine glands release their contents into the blood

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9
Q

What are the two forms of duct systems of an exocrine gland?

A

Simple (unbranched)

Compound (branched)

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10
Q

What are the 2 forms of excreoty components of an exocrine gland?

A

Tubular

Acinor

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11
Q

What is an example of a simple tubular exocrine gland?

A

Gastric glands

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12
Q

What is an example of a simple acinar exocrine gland?

A

Mucus secreting of penile urethra

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13
Q

What is an example of a compound tubular exocrine gland?

A

Brunner’s gland, empties into intestine

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14
Q

What is an example of a compound acinar exocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

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15
Q

What is an example of a compound tubuloacinar exocrine gland?

A

Siliva gland

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16
Q

What are the 3 ways that secretion from an endocrine gland may occur?

A

Merocrine

Apocrine secretion

Holocrine

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17
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Involves exocytosis, proteins are usually produced

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18
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Discharge of vesicles containing secretion, example being sweat gland

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19
Q

What is an example of apocrine secretion from an endocrine gland?

A

Sweat gland

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20
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Discharge of whole secretory cells, disintegrate and release product, occurs in sebaceous glands

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21
Q

What is an example of holocrine secretion from an endocrine gland?

A

Sebacceous gland

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22
Q

How are the secretions often expelled?

A

From myoepithelial cells and they contract

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23
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

Cells found in glandular epithelium as a thin layer above the basement membrane but bineath laminal cells

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24
Q

What are endocrines often the source of?

A

Hormones

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25
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messanger

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26
Q

How are most endocrine glands structured?

A

Clusters of secretory cells surrounded by small blood vessels

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27
Q

Why is the thyroid gland unusual?

A

It stores its hormones (thyroxine) within spherical cavities called follicles

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28
Q

How does secretion occur within the thyroid gland?

A
  1. Reabsorption of hormone from follicle
  2. Release into intercellular space
  3. Diffusion into blood stream
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29
Q

What is the secretion of hormones controlled by?

A

Metabolic factors

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30
Q

What are examples of exocrine organs?

A

Major silivary glands

Liver

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31
Q

What are examples of endocrine organs?

A

Thyroid

Adrenal

32
Q

What organ is an example of both endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

The pancreas

33
Q

What are parenchyma?

A

Functional tissue of an organ

34
Q

Where is the parenchyma of the liver?

A

In hepatocytes (liver cells)

35
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Liver cells

36
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes (liver cells)?

A

Secretion

Protein synthesis

Transformation of carbohydrates

37
Q

How are hepatocytes arranged?

A

In rows between blood vessels

38
Q

What does the basic structure of the kidney look like?

A

Composed of the cortex, medulla, pelvis and ureter

39
Q

How are epithelial cells organised in the kidneys?

A

Into nephrones

40
Q

What is a nephrone?

A

Functional unit of the kidney composed of epithelial cells

41
Q

What are the functinos of the epithelial cells in the kidney?

A

Filtration of blood

Partial absorption of filtration

Release urine from the kindey

42
Q

What are some abnormal functions of epithelial cells?

A

Over proliferation

Under proliferation

Over secretion

Under secretion

Loss of celia/celia beat

43
Q

What are some abnormal functions of the pituitary gland (controls growth hormone)?

A

Over production (giantism)

Under production (dwarfism)

44
Q

What are some abnormal functions of the mucous glands in the uterine tibe?

A

Over production, can be caused by chlamydia

Lead to thick mucous, ovum and sperm being trapped

45
Q

What are some examples of connective tissues?

A

Bllod/bone marrow
Mucous
Reticular
Loose
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Cartilage
Bone
Adipose (fat)

46
Q

What is adipose tissue (fat)?

A

Loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes that store energy

47
Q

How is the fat in adipocytes stored?

A

As triaclycerides which contain lots of stored energy

48
Q

What is white adipose tissue used for?

A

Storing energy

49
Q

What is brown adipose tissue used for?

A

Generating heat

50
Q

What are the 3 components of connective tissue?

A

Fibres

Ground substance

Tissue fluid

51
Q

What are the 2 fibrous components of connective tissue?

A

Collagen (tendon), also reticulin (lymph)

Elastic (aorta)

52
Q

How much of our body weight is made up by collagent?

A

30%

53
Q

What are some properties of collagen?

A

Great tensile strength

Inelastic but flexible

54
Q

How many types of collagen are there?

A

More than 19

55
Q

What are some examples of the different types of collagen?

A

Type I in tendons

Type III in reticulum

Type IV in basil lamina

56
Q

How does collagen end up in the ECM?

A

Secreted into it by connective tissue in the form of tropa-collagen monomer which are three polypeptide chains, they then form collagen fibrils

57
Q

What does reticular fibre (type III collagen) form?

A

Delicate supporting network for many cellular organs like endocrine glands

58
Q

How does elastin end up in the ECM?

A

Similar to collagen, it is secreted into it by connective tissues as the protein elastin which combines and forms elastic fibres

59
Q

What does elastin allow?

A

Stretching

60
Q

How is elastin usually structured?

A

In sheets rather than fibres

61
Q

Where are elastin fibres found?

A

In the aorta

62
Q

What is the ground substance composed of?

A

Glycoproteins

Tissue fluid

Carbohydrates

Salt

63
Q

What is the function of the ground substance?

A

Involved in the development of tissues

Cells use it to exhange substances

64
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

Connective tissues with fibres as its main element, encase things such as bone and cartilage

65
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Attatches epithelial to underlying tissues

66
Q

What are the 4 permanent cells in loose connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts (syntheis collagen)

Macrophages (destoys pathogens)

Adipocytes (stores energy as fat)

Mast cells (battles inflammation)

67
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Synthesis collagen

68
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Destroy pathogens

69
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A

Store energy as fat

70
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Battles inflammation

71
Q

What is a transient cell in loose connective tissue?

A

White blood cells (protects against pathogens)

72
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Protect against pathogens

73
Q

What are the two forms of dense connective tissue?

A

Regular (parralel)

Irregular (not parralel)

74
Q

What is an example of a dense regular tissue?

A

Tendons

75
Q

What is an example of a dense irregular tissue?

A

Sebaceous gland

76
Q

What are some abnormal functions of connective tissues?

A

Blood/bone marrow (leukiamia)

Loose/dense (loss, abnormal fibres)

Cartilage (tear)

Bone (osteoporosis)

ME2019 PART 1 (55 decks)

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