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ME2019 PART 1 > Foundations in Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Foundations in Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Any microorganism that causes harm

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2
Q

What are examples of pathogens?

A

Virus

Protozoa

Bacteria

Fungi

Parasite

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3
Q

What is self tolerence?

A

The bodies immune defences not attacking tissue that carry a self marker

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4
Q

What is the first form of immunological defence?

A

Physical barriers

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5
Q

What are examples of physical barriers?

A

Skin

Mucosal barrier (reproductory, respiratory, digestive tract)

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6
Q

What produces mucus?

A

Goblet cells

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7
Q

What does mucus do?

A

Prevents the attachment of pathogens

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8
Q

What does mucus contain?

A

Antimicrobial enzymes that destroy pathogens

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9
Q

What are examples of the enzyme contained in mucus that destroys pathogens?

A

Growth inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors

Lysine

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10
Q

What does mucus contain other than enzymes?

A

Immunoglobins (Ab) which help to destroy pathogens

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11
Q

What are the two components of the immune system?

A

Innate immune system

Adaptive immune system

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12
Q

What are some properties of the innate immune system?

A

Exists from birth

Non specific

First to respond

Same response every time, no immunological memory

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13
Q

What are some properties of the adaptive immune system?

A

Highly specific

Immunological memory

Antibody production

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14
Q

When is the adaptive immune system called?

A

When the innate immune system cannot deal with the threat on its own

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15
Q

What is the cellular and chemical barrier of the innate immune system?

A

Skin

Mucosal epithelia

Antimicrobial chemicals

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16
Q

What is the blood protein of the innate immune system?

A

Compliment

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17
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A

Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils)

Natural killer cells

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18
Q

What are the cellular and chemical barriers of the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocytes

Antobodies secretion

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19
Q

What is the blood protein of the adaptive immune system?

A

Antibodies

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20
Q

What cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q

How does the innate and adaptive immune system work together?

A
  1. Dendritic cells mature and carries microbial antigen to local lymph node (innate)
  2. Becoming an antigen presenting cell (innate)
  3. Activates T cells to respond (adaptive)
  4. T cells go to the site of infection (adaptive)
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22
Q

What does the innate immune system cause an influx of at the site of infection?

A

Macrophages which perform phagocytosis

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23
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Engulfs bacterium
  2. Forming a phagosome
  3. Fuses with a lysosome which contains enzymes that kill the bacteria
  4. Discharge of waste material
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24
Q

Where do immune cells develop?

A

Bone marow

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25
Q

What are the 4 effector T cells?

A

Th1

Th2

Th12

Tfh

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26
Q

What does Th1 target?

A

Marcrophages

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27
Q

What does Th2 target?

A

Eosinophils

28
Q

What does Th12 target?

A

Neutrophils

29
Q

What does Tfh target?

A

B cells

30
Q

What do effector T cells do to their targets?

A

Activate their targets

31
Q

What is the relationship between manocytes and macrophages?

A

Manocytes are in the blood, once they enter connective tissue they differentiate into macrophages

32
Q

What do macrophases do?

A

Give of chemical messanges which:

Restrict blood flow away from the site

Cause swelling to allow more immune cells to help

Produce cytokines to alert other cells and induce travel to the site

33
Q

What do neutrophiles do?

A

Only perform phagocytosis, being activated when they enter the tissue

34
Q

How long do neutrophils survive for in the blood and in the tissue?

A

6 hours in the blood

5 days in the tissue

35
Q

What happens at the end of a neutrophils life?

A

They undergo apoptosis

36
Q

What do eosinophiles do?

A

Combat pathogens with granules of enzymes

37
Q

What kind of infection do eosinophiles usually combat?

A

Parasitic

38
Q

What kind of immune cells controls the mechanisms associated with asthma and allergies?

A

Eosinophile

39
Q

Where are eusinophiles found?

A

Thymus

Lower GI tract

Spleen

Ovary

Uteris

Lymph node

40
Q

Where are eusinophiles not found?

A

Lungs

Skin

Esophagus

41
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Contain granules which have active chemicals that it dumps into the parasit and kills it

42
Q

What could mast cells cause to the host?

A

An allergic reaction

43
Q

What is the function of barophil?

A

Unknown, but they are found in parasitic infection

They contains granules of histamine

44
Q

What are the two ways natural killer cells can kill?

A

Make hole in target and secrete enzymes into pore inducing suicide

Interact with Fas on the target cells creating a suicide signal

45
Q

Where are natural killer cells found?

A

In the spleen and the bloodstream

46
Q

What can natural killer cells kill?

A

Tumour cells

Virus infected cells

Bacteria

Parasites

Fungi

47
Q

How do natural killer cells decide to kill or not?

A

By binding to inhibitory (MHC1) receptor or activating receptor

48
Q

What inhibitory receptor tells natural killer cells not to kill?

A

MHC 1

49
Q

Can natural killer cells kill viruses?

A

No, they replicate to quickly for natural killer cells to keep up

50
Q

What are some non-specific humoral factors within body fluids with protective functions?

A

Growth inhibitors

Enzyme inhibitors

Lysins

Compliment protein

51
Q

What does the compliment system bridge the gap between?

A

The innate and adaptive immune systems

52
Q

How many proteins is the compliment system composed of?

A

Over 20

53
Q

What are the 3 activation pathways of the compliment system?

A

Classical

Alternative

Lectin

54
Q

Which of the 3 compliment mechanisms are innate and adaptive?

A

Alternative and lectin are effecter mechanisms of the innate system and classical is of the adaptive immune system

55
Q

What is the process of the compliment system?

A
  1. Binding of compliment protein to microbial cells or antibody
  2. Formation of C3 complex
  3. Cleavage of C3
  4. Formation of C5 convertase
56
Q

What is the central event in the compliment pathway?

A

Proteolysis of protein C3 which is the most abundent compliment protein

57
Q

What are the safeguards in place to stop the compliment system from attacking our own cells?

A

Protein on surface of cells Decay Accerleration Factor (DAF) accerlerates the breakdown of C3bBb

C3b clipped to an inactive form by protein in the blood

58
Q

What are functions of the compliment system?

A

Induce lysis of microbes (MAC)

Promotes phagocystosis of microbes (opsonisation)

Stimulates inflammation (activates amst cells and neutrophils)

Stimulates attraction of B cells and antibody production

59
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers used by cells to communicate with other cells

60
Q

What are the different kinds of cytokine actions?

A

Autocine (on self)

Paracrine (nearby cells)

Endocrine (distant cells)

61
Q

When does the inflammatory response happen?

A

When tissues are injured

62
Q

Why does the inflammatory response happen?

A

Damaged cells release chemicals that cause blood veseels to leak into tissues

63
Q

What are the classifications of the inflammatory response?

A

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation

64
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Initial response to harmful stimuli

65
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Progressive shift in type of cells at site of inflammation, simutanous destruction and healing of tissue

ME2019 PART 1 (55 decks)

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