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ME2019 PART 1 > Foundations in Immunology 3 > Flashcards

Foundations in Immunology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are properties of the adaptive immune system that is different to the innate immune system?

A

Very specific

Immunological memory

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2
Q

What antigen do B cells use to recognise free antigens?

A

BCR (surface IgM)

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3
Q

What receptor do T cells use when they are being shown an antigen?

A

MHC

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4
Q

How do antibodies from a memory cell bind to antigens compared to regular cells?

A

With much higher affinity

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5
Q

What is a naive B cell?

A

B cell that has not been exposed to an antigen

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6
Q

What happens once a naive B cell is exposed to an antigen?

A

Becomes a memory B cell or a plasma cell

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7
Q

What are the 2 kinds of adaptive immunity?

A

Active

Passive

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8
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Uses the hosts own immune cells

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9
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Transfer of someone else’s immune cells

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10
Q

Which of active and passive immunity creates immunological memory?

A

Active immunity

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11
Q

What can active and passive immunity be further classified into?

A

Natural

Artificial

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12
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

What do B cells do on activation?

A

Differentiate into plasma cells

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14
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Responsible for antibody production

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15
Q

Is it more important for B or T cells to be tolerant?

A

T cells because B cells need the help of T cells to make antibodies

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16
Q

What happens to B cells that recognise self antigens?

A

Die in bone marrow by apoptosis

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17
Q

What are epitopes?

A

Part of the antigen that antibodies bind to

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18
Q

How can epitopes differ from each other, other than their structure and what they bind to?

A

Some induce larger immune responses than others

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19
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Any substance capable of triggering an immune response

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20
Q

What does the structure of an antibody consist of?

A

Variable region

Constant region

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21
Q

What are the different antibody classes?

A

IgG

IgA

IgM

IgD

IgE

22
Q

What is IgG good for?

A

Good opsoniser

23
Q

What is IgA good for?

A

Protects mucosal surfaces, resistant to stomach acid

24
Q

What is IgM good for?

A

Fixing compliment and opsonisation

25
Q

What is IgD good for?

A

No known function

26
Q

What is IgE good for?

A

Defends against parasites, causing anaphylactic shock and allergies

27
Q

What is the antibody structure held by?

A

Disulphide bonds

28
Q

What are the two kinds of chains in the antibody structure?

A

Light chains

Heavy chains

29
Q

What receptor is in the heavy chains?

A

Fc

30
Q

What receptor is in the light chain?

A

Antigen binding region

31
Q

What are the 2 kinds of light chains?

A

Lamda

Kappa

32
Q

How many kinds of light chain are present in each antibody?

A

One, with both chains being identical

33
Q

What are the 2 regions of the heavy chain?

A

Constant region

Variable region

34
Q

What is the variable region?

A

Antigen binding site

35
Q

What are the 2 ways of activating an antibody?

A

T cell dependant

T cell independant

36
Q

What is used to activate antibodies without T cells?

A

Mitogen

37
Q

What is a mitogen?

A

Antigen with a very large number of repeated epitopes

38
Q

When do B cells produce antibodies?

A

When they are activated

39
Q

What is the first antibody that B cells produce?

A

IgM

40
Q

What does the class of the antibody depend on?

A

The constant region

41
Q

When is the compliment system activated by antibodies?

A

When they are bound to an antigen

42
Q

What are the 3 ways that antibodies eliminate pathogens by?

A

Neutralisation

Opsonisation

Compliment activation

43
Q

What does neutralisation do?

A

Discourages of prevents pathogens from initiating an infection

44
Q

What does opsonisation do?

A

Targets for phagocyte

45
Q

What happens to neutralised and opsonised complexes?

A

Phagocytoses by macrophages

46
Q

What is antibody dependant cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

A

The process of killing antibody coated target cells by leukocytes which have specific Fc receptors for these bound antibodies

47
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Aspect of immunity by the macromolecules found in extracellular fluid such as secreted antibodies and compliment proteins

48
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Immune response that does not involve antibodies, but the activation of phagocytes and antigen specific cytotoxic T cells with the release of various cytokines

49
Q

What is the process of B cell activation and class switching?

A

1) Antigen is recognised by BCR
2) B cell expresses MHCII and antigen complex on its surface
3) Gets recognised bt TCR of TH2 cell
4) CD4 on B cell also binds to CD4L of TH2 cell
5) TH2 cell releases cytokines (IL2/4/5) which are recognised by ILR on B cell (interleukin receptor)
6) This determines the class switching of the B cell
7) B cell produces antibodies

50
Q

What determines the class switching of the B cell?

A

The cytokines released by the helper T cell

51
Q

What is the process of compliment mediated activation of B cell?

A

1) C3b is bound to a pathogen and degrades to C3d, C3df and iC3b
2) C3d reamins bound to pathogen and binds to a receptor on the surface of the B cell called CR2
3) Binding of CR2 and IgM greatly enhances the signals into the B cell so it is activated

52
Q

What receptor binds to C3d on a B cell?

A

CR2

ME2019 PART 1 (55 decks)

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