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ME2019 PART 1 > Introduction to Blood > Flashcards

Introduction to Blood Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood does the average 70kg man have?

A

5L of blood

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2
Q

How is the 5L of blood in the average 70kg man distributed?

A

1L in the lungs

3L in the systematic venous circulation

1L in the heart and anterior circulation

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3
Q

Do men or woman have more blood?

A

Men have more due to woman losing some each month during menstration

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4
Q

What percentage of a womans body weight is blood?

A

7.8%

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5
Q

What are some of the functions of blood?

A

Carriage of physiologically active compounds

Clotting

Defence

Cariage of gas

Thermoregulation

Maintanence of ECF pH

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6
Q

How much blood do new born babies have?

A

350ml

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7
Q

What is blood composed of?

A

Plamsa

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

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8
Q

How much water is plasma made of?

A

95% water

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9
Q

What percentage of our body weight is plasma?

A

4%

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10
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Circulates biologically active molecules

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11
Q

What are the 3 categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin

Globulin (subdevided into alpha, beta and gamma globulins)

Fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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12
Q

What is albumin?

A

A transport protein that binds to drugs, steroid hormones and lipids

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13
Q

What are alpha and beta globulins?

A

Transport proteins that transfer lipids and fat soluble vitamins

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14
Q

What are gamma globulins?

A

Antibodies

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15
Q

What is the advantage of using transport proteins?

A

Stabalised form of transport, water soluble molecules are excreted readily whereas plasma proteins are too big for the kidney to filter out

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16
Q

What kind of pressure to plasma proteins create?

A

Plasma proteins create oncotic pressure

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17
Q

Why do plasma proteins create oncotic pressure?

A

Due to not crossing the cappilary wall

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18
Q

What does the oncotic pressure do?

A

Creates a force that pulls water from interstitual space, taking Na+ and glucose with it

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19
Q

What does the interstitual fluid act as?

A

A resevoir that maintains the plasma volume

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20
Q

What does the net movement between cappilary and interstitual space depend on?

A

Cappilary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) favours movement out of the cappilary

Plasma protein concentration favours movement into the cappilary

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21
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia?

A

Abnormally low levels of circulatory plasma proteins

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22
Q

What are some causes of hypoproteinaemia?

A

Prolonged starvation

Liver disease

Intestinal disease

Nephrosis (kidney disease)

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23
Q

What is haematopoises?

A

Production of all types of blood cells

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24
Q

What is a diagram of haematoposis?

A
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25
Q

Do all diseases effect all kinds of blood cells?

A

Some diseases only effect myeloid cells and some only effect lymphoid cells

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26
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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27
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

120 days

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28
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells like?

A

Biconcave and highly flexible

29
Q

Do RBC have one or zero nucleus?

A

No nucleus

30
Q

What are red blood cells densily packed with?

A

Haemoglobin to carry oxygen

31
Q

What are the two appearences of haemoglobin due to changing colour depending on the amount of oxygen?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin (arterior)

Deoxyhaemoglobin (venous)

32
Q

What are myeloid cells?

A

All cells in the blood that are not lymphocytes

33
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Red blood cell formation

34
Q

What is erythopoiesis controlled and accerlerated by?

A

Erythroprotein

35
Q

When is the secretion of erythoprotein enhanced?

A

During hypoxia (oxygen delivery to the kidneys is reduced)

36
Q

What could cause hypoxia?

A

Haemorrhage

Anaemia

Cardiac dysfunction

Lung disease

37
Q

What kind of a loop is the production of red blood cells?

A

Negative feedback

38
Q

What is erythroprotein secreted by?

A

85% peritubular capillary cells

15% hepatocytes

39
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

40
Q

What are some properties of leukocytes?

A

Nucleated

Involved in defence against pathogens

Larger than RBCs

Less in quantity than RBCs

41
Q

What are the different kinds of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils)

Argranulocytes (monocytes or lymphocytes)

42
Q

What are the different kinds of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

43
Q

What are the different kinds of argranulocytes?

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

44
Q

What are the different kinds of lymphocytes?

A

B cells

T cells (killer and helper)

45
Q

What is leukopoises?

A

White blood cell formation

46
Q

What is leikopoises controlled by?

A

A cocktail of cytokines (proteins/peptides released from one cell type to be used on another)

47
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

A protein/peptide released from one cell type to be used on another

48
Q

What are cytokines released from?

A

Endothelial cells

Fibroblasts

Mature white blood cells

49
Q

What do cytokines stimulate?

A

Mitosis

Maturation of leukocyte

50
Q

What does differential stimulation of leukocytes respond to?

A

The type of infection:

Bacterial generates neutrophils

Viral generates lymphocytes

51
Q

What does a bacterial infection stimulate the differentiation of?

A

Neutrophils

52
Q

What does a viral infection stimulate the differentiation of?

A

Lymphocytes

53
Q

What are platelets?

A

Membrane bound cell fragements from megakaryocytes

54
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

10 days

55
Q

Do platelets have 1 or 0 nuclei?

A

Rarely nucleated

56
Q

What is the formation of platelets governed by?

A

Thrombopoietin

57
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Adhere to damaged cells vessel walls to mediate the blood clotting

58
Q

What is haematocrit?

A

Haematocrit tells you how many RBCs you have as a percentage of your total blood volume

59
Q

What is the normal range of RBCs of total blood volume?

A

40-54% in males

37-47% in females

60
Q

What is the yellow in blood plasma?

A

Bilirutin

61
Q

When is bilirutin produced and where is it metabolised?

A

Bilirutin is produced after red blood cells are broken down and it is metabolised in the liver

62
Q

What is viscocity?

A

How thick a substance is compared to water

63
Q

What is the viscocity of plasma?

A

1.8x thicker than water

64
Q

What is the viscocity of white blood?

A

3-4x thicker than water

65
Q

What does viscocity depend on?

A

Haematocrit

Temperature

Flow rate

66
Q

How does the haematocrit effect viscocity?

A

50% increase in haematocrit increases viscocity by 100%

67
Q

How does temperature effect the viscocity?

A

Increase in 1oC decreases viscocity by 2%

68
Q

How does flow rate effect viscocity?

A

Decreased flow rate increases viscocity

69
Q

What makes it harder for your heart to pump blood?

A

The blood being thicker

ME2019 PART 1 (55 decks)

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