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CHI > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

define tissue

A

A group of cells (that usually have a common origin in an
embryo) that function together to carry out specialised activities

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2
Q

define histology

A

the study of tissues

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3
Q

what is a pathologist

A

examines tissues for changes that may indicate
disease

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4
Q

what is a biopsy

A

the removal of a sample of living tissues for microscopic
examination. They are key for the diagnosis of cancer and
unexplained inflammation

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscular
    -nervous
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6
Q

what is the role of epithelial tissues

A

covers the body surfaces and lines hollow organs - also forms glands

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7
Q

what is the role of connective tissue

A

protects and supports organs. they can also store energy (adipose) and act as a route for the immune cells to travel through

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8
Q

what is the role of muscular tissue

A

made of cells specialised for contractions and generation of force - they also generate heat in the process

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9
Q

what is the role of nervous tissue

A

they detect changes in a variety of conditions in and outside the body and responds by generating electrical impulses

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10
Q

does epithelial tissue have a lot or a little extra cellular matrix

A

very little or none

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11
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissues

A

1- selective barriers that limit or aid the transfer of substances in and out of the body
2-secretory surfaces that release products of cells on to their free surface
3- protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influences of the environment

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12
Q

what is the structure of epithelial tissue

A
  • basement membrane: a thin fibrous extracellular layer that separates the lining of an internal or external body surface from underlying connective tissues (made of collagen)
  • the reticular lamina which contains macromolecules made by connective tissue layers
  • hemidesmosomes that connect the basement layer membrane to the epithelial and connective tissues
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13
Q

what are the 2 main subtypes of epithelial tissue

A

1- covering and lining epithelium - forms outwards covering the skin and internal organs

2- glandular epithelium - makes up secreting parts of glands such as thyroid and sweat glands

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14
Q

where can stratified squamous epithelial tissue be found in the body

A

cheek lining

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15
Q

where can stratified cuboid epithelial tissue be found in the body

A

the skin

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16
Q

where can simple squamous epithelial tissue be found in the body

A

lining of the lungs

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17
Q

where can simple cuboid epithelial tissue be found in the body

A

the kidney

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18
Q

where can simple columnar epithelial tissue be found in the body

A

intestines

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19
Q

where can pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue be found in the body

A

ovaries

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20
Q

what are the two types of secretory structures in glands

A

tubular and alveolar

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21
Q

what is an example of simple tubular

A

intestinal glands

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22
Q

what is an example of simple branched tubular

A

stomach glands

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23
Q

what is an example of simple alveolar

A

n/a in humans

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24
Q

what is an example of simple branched alveolar

A

sebaceous (oil)glands

25
Q

what is an example of compound tubular glands

A

duodenal glands of the small intestine

26
Q

what is an example of compound alveolar glands

A

mammary glands

27
Q

what is an example of compound tubuloalveolar glands

A

salivary glands

28
Q

what are exocrine glands and give an example

A

glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct such as sweat, salivary or mucous

29
Q

what are endocrine glands and give an example

A

secrete their products (hormones) directly into the blood rather than through a duct

30
Q

what is diabetic kidney disease

A

also known as diabetic neuropathy
- most common cause of end-stage kidney disease
- commonly caused by the the basement membrane thickening, due to hyperglycemia induced signalling causing more collagen and other macromolecules to shut off filtration and stop kidney function

31
Q

what is the function of connective tissues

A
  • they connect support and bind other tissues and organs
  • they protect and insulate organs
  • they serve as a major transport system (blood)
  • primary reserve of stored energy (fat in adipose tissue )
32
Q

what are the components of connective tissue

A

cells such as fibroblasts, and extra cellular components (including; fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, basement membranes and tissue fluid )

33
Q

what are ground substances

A
  • they can be fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous or calcified
  • it supports cells, binds them together and stores water
  • also provides an active role in tissue development, migration and metabolic activity
34
Q

what types of fibres are in connective tissues

A

collagen -
elastic fibres - smaller in diameter and branch more, large capacity to stretch; this is highly important in the skin and the lungs.
reticular fibres - collagen in fine bundles with a coating of glycoproteins. they provide support in blood vessel walls and form networks around cells in some tissues (such as fat and nervous tissue)

35
Q

what are the types of connective tissue cells

A

mesenchymal cells
macrophages
mast cells
adipocytes
fibroblasts

36
Q

what is the role of a masenchymal cell

A

they’re stem cells which raise the number of cells

37
Q

what is the role of macrophages

A

they ingest and remove foreign material or damaged cells

38
Q

what is the role of mast cells

A

trigger inflammation

39
Q

what is the role of adipocytes

A

they store fat

40
Q

what is the role of fibroblasts

A

they secrete the fibres and ground substance of the extra cellular matrix

41
Q

where is cartilage found

A

between bones

42
Q

what is cartilage made up of

A

chondrocytes

43
Q

how do chondrocytes get their nutrients as cartilage had no blood vessels

A

the nutrients diffuse through a dense connective tissue surrounding the cartilage

44
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

they’re bone forming cells.
they make a protein mixture known as osteoid, primarily composed of type 1 collagen, which mineralises the bone.
- new bone is built by building around itself

45
Q

what are osteocytes

A

they originate from osteoblasts that have migrated into and become trapped in the bone matrix
- the spaces they occupy are know as lacunae

46
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

large multinucleate cells that are responsible for the breakdown of bones - by the process of bone reabsorbtion

47
Q

what is osteoporosis caused by

A

when bone reabsorbtion by osteoclasts occurs at a faster rate than the production of bone by osteoblasts

48
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

49
Q

what are the main features of skeletal muscles

A
  • fibres - striated, tubular and multinucleated
  • voluntary
  • usually attached to skeleton
50
Q

what are the main features of smooth muscle

A

fibres - non striated, spindle shaped and uninucleated
-involuntary
- usually covering wall of internal organs

51
Q

what are the main features of cardiac muscles

A

fibres - striated, branched and uninucleated
- involuntary
- only covering walls of the heart

52
Q

what are neuroglia

A

they assist with the propagation of the nerve impulse as well as provide nutrients to the neurons

53
Q

what are glial cells

A

theyre non nuronal cells in the CNS and the PNS that do not produce electrical impulses
- they maintain homeostasis from myelin and provide support and protection for neurons

54
Q

what are the main types of glial cells in the CNS

A

microglial cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells

55
Q

what is the role of microglial cells

A

Microglia are macrophage cells that make up the primary immune system for the CNS.
They are the smallest neuroglial cell that produce cytokines and other factors. They also receptors for
hormones and sex steroids

56
Q

what is the role of Astrocytes

A

Star-shaped macroglial cells with many processes found in the CNS. They are the most abundant cell type in the brain, and are intrinsic to a healthy CNS

57
Q

what is the role of oligodendrocytes

A

CNS cells with very few processes. They form myelin
sheaths on the axons of a neuron, which are lipid-based insulation that increases the speed at which the action potential, can travel down the axon

58
Q

what is the role of ependymal cells

A

It is involved in the
production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and is shown to serve as a reservoir for neuroregeneration. They
are lining the central canal of the spinal cord

59
Q
A

CHI (16 decks)

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