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CHI > cell mediated immunity > Flashcards

cell mediated immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune response mediated by

A

T lymphocytes

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2
Q

where do lymphocytes migrate or derive from?

A

thymus

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3
Q

what happens once the lymphocytes migrate to the thymus

A

the mature into T lymophocytes

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4
Q

when lymphocytes mature into t lymphocytes where do they next migrate to

A

to the lymphoid tissues

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5
Q

how do you tell the difference between T lymphocytes

A

each one expresses different surface proteins (known as the clusters of differentiation)

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6
Q

what type of CD molecules do early T cells have

A

CD4 - CD8

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7
Q

what main CD molecule do T helper cells present

A

CD4+

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8
Q

what do T helper cells secrete

A

cytokines (acting as messenger molecules)

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9
Q

what do cytokines stimulate

A

B cells and macrophages

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10
Q

what stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T cells esp. CD8+ CTL

A

cytokines secreted from T helper cells

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11
Q

are Th1 or Th2 cytokines anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory

A

Th1- proinflammatory
Th2 - anti-inflammatory

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12
Q

what do Th1 cytokines trigger

A

cell mediated immunity and phagocyte dependant inflammation

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13
Q

what do Th1 cytokines target

A

intracellular parasites

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14
Q

what is the main Th1 cytokine

A

IFN-y

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15
Q

what do Th2 cytokines inhibit

A

phagocytosis independent inflammation

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16
Q

does Th2 increase or decrease with tumour presence

A

increase

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17
Q

what type of CD molecule do cytotoxic T cells express

A

mainly CD8+

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18
Q

how do cytotoxic T cells kill cells

A

with intracellular microbes which produce foreign antigens

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19
Q

what happens once the cytotoxic T cells are activated

A

cytotoxic granules are released into the target - ensuring specific kills and reduces collateral damage

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20
Q

what is perforins role in cytotoxic t cells killing cells

A

it builds pores in the membrane for entry

21
Q

what is Granzyme A’s role in cytotoxic t cells killing cells

A

activates ssDNA breaks, caspase independent apoptosis (programmed cell death)

22
Q

what is Granzyme B’s role in cytotoxic t cells killing cells

A

activates caspase cystine proteases to initiate caspase dependant apoptosis

23
Q

what is regulatory T cells role in the immune system

A

inhibits the immune response, to maintain homeostasis
has a role in preventing allergy and hypersensitivity
has a role in transplant tolerance

24
Q

what do natural killer T cells share surface markers with

A

immune NK cells and cell mediated T cells

25
Q

what type of CD molecules do natural killer T cells express

A

CD16+ (they recognise IgG coated pathogens

26
Q

what is natural killer T cells role in the immune response

A
  • surveillance and clearance of tumour cell (by increasing stress induced ligands)
  • maintains self tolerance and regulates autoimmune diseases
27
Q

what is the role of CD3

A

co-aids in activating CD8+ and CD4+

28
Q

where are CD3 molecules found in high percentage

A

peripheral T cells

29
Q

where is the CD45 marker expressed

A

on almost all leucocytes

30
Q

what do CD45 molecules do

A

they activate and supress lymphocytes
- and have a role in T cell maturation

31
Q

what are APC’s

A

antigen presenting cells

32
Q

what do APC’s do to aid the immune response

A

they capture and display antigens to activate T lymphocytes

33
Q

what is the first stage of APC’s capture and display of antigens

A

1- bacterium is engulfed by phagocytosis into a dendric cell and is encased into a phagosome

34
Q

what is the second stage of APC’s capture and display of antigens

A

lysosomes fuse with the phagosome and digest the bacteria

35
Q

what is the third stage of APC’s capture and display of antigens

A

immunodominant epitopes are associated with MHC II and are presented on the cell surface

36
Q

what do APC’s include

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

37
Q

what are costimulators

A

molecules on APC’s that function together with antigens to activate T cells

38
Q

what does MHC stand for

A

major histocompatibility complex

39
Q

what is a MHC

A

a group of genes that code for cell surface histocompatibility antigens

40
Q

what do MHC’s do

A

they help anchor the antigen on the external surface of the APC

41
Q

what is required for the activation of naïve T cells

A

the recognition of MHC

42
Q

where are class 1 MHC’s expressed

A

on virtually all nucleated cells

43
Q

where are class 2 MHC’s expressed

A

dendric cells, B cells and macrophages

44
Q

what does polygenic mean

A

has several different class 1 and class 2 genes with similar functions

45
Q

what does polymorphic mean

A

has multiple variants of each type within the whole population

46
Q

what are MCH’s that can only be found in humans known as

A

HLA’s (human leukocyte antigens)

47
Q

what are class 1 encoded by (in terms of HLA)

A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

48
Q

what are class 2 encoded by (in terms of HLA)

A

HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ

49
Q
A

CHI (14 decks)

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