all google forms quizzes Flashcards
What are cell junctions?
intercellular bridges made up of structural proteins that allow cells to communicate
Gap junctions are gated channels which can change in permeability, TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Which of these are mainly found in tight junctions?
1- CONNEXONS
2- CLAUDINS AND OCCLUDINS
3- CADHERINS
4- ACTIN
claudins and occludins
Which of these are mainly found in gap junctions?
1- CONNEXONS
2- CLAUDINS AND OCCLUDINS
3- CADHERINS
4- ACTIN
connexons
which of these are mainly found in desmosomes?
1- CONNEXONS
2- CLAUDINS AND OCCLUDINS
3- CADHERINS
4- ACTIN
cadherens
plasmodesmata are found in all animal cells? TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
what does the extra cellular matrix of an animal include?
collagen and fibronectin
which IS NOT a function of the extra cellular matrix?
1 - Space filler
2 - Prevent homeostasis
3 - Influence tissue development
4 - Regulate molecular movement
prevent homeostasis
X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is linked to what type of junction?
gap junctions
Hyperkeratosis and onychodystrophy are linked to what type of junction?
desmosomes
Low magnesium and high calcium in the blood is linked to what type of junction?
tight junctions
If the immune system is triggered without ever reacting to an antigen, is it ACTIVE OR PASSIVE IMMUNITY
passive immunity
Does active or passive immunity work in an immunodeficient host
passive
is adoptive transfer active or passive immunity
passive immunity, as they’re being injected with another persons antibodies
what type of immunisation is mother to infant immunoglobulin transfer an example of
natural passive immunity
which immunoglobulin protects the foetus during development
IgG
do T cells increase or decrease in pregnancy
decreases
does the Th2 response increase or decrease in pregnancy
increases
what vaccination type(s) contain dead or inactive component of a pathogen
TIIV
In escape mechanisms, which of the below mutations leads to a different presentation at one specific site?
1 - Antigenic drift
2 - Antigenic shift
3 - Antigenic lift
antigenic drift
In escape mechanisms, which of the below mutations leads to a different presentation at multiple different sites?
1 - Antigenic drift
2 - Antigenic shift
3 - Antigenic lift
antigenic shift
Which of the below is an example of a toxoid vaccination
1 - Hepatitis A
2 - Tetanus
3 - Thyphoid
4 - Sars-COV-2
tetanus
what does LAIV stand for
live attenuated influenza virus
what does ADCC stand for in monoclonal antibody therapy
Antibody dependant cellular cytotoxicity
what monoclonal antibody mechanism results in phagocytosis
CDCP
what is a eukaryote
a cell or organism with a clearly defined membrane bound nucleus
what is a prokaryote
a cell or an organism without a clearly defined membrane bound nucleus
define species
a group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Microbes which live and thrive on the human body could be an example of what?
mesophiles
a mid halophile is an example of a microbe which prefers what type of condition
salt
what is a microbiome
The genetic material of all of the microorganisims in one specific environment or location at one time
Which of the below is NOT a function of commensal bacteria in the lungs?
1 - Trigger the immune response
2 - Recognise external invaders
3 - Allow colonisation of pathogenic bacteria
4 - Produce antimicrobial products and signals
allow colonisation of pathogenic bacteria
How are spermatozoa adapted to carry out its function?
They have enzymes to break down external layers of the ovum
How are the ovum adapted to carry out their functions?
they have protective external layers for species specific recognition
Which of the below is a strength of cell culture?
1 - Have a limited lifeline
2 - Have reduced hetrogeneity
3 - Continual maintenance required
4 - Can control the micro-environment
can control the micro environment
Which of the below is a limitation of cell culture?
1 - Have a limited lifeline
2 - Have been used to reduce animal testing
3 - Can be stored long term
4 - Can control the micro-environment
they have a limited lifeline
What is primary endosymbiosis?
where a eukaryotic cell engulfs a prokaryotic cell
what is secondary endosymbiosis
Where a eukaryotic cell engulfs a eukaryotic cell
what is the main organelle discussed in relation to serial endosymbiosis
mitochondria
what is bacterial redundancy
When multiple bacteria fill the same role
what is dysbiosis
a change in microbiome from healthy to diseased
what does CD in cell mediated immunity stand for
cluster of differentiation
Major Histocompatibility Complexes are a large group of genes which code for proteins that play an essential role in which of the below?
1 - Phagocytosis in macrophages
2 - Phagocytosis in neutrophils
3 - Antigen presentation in T lymphocytes
4 - Antigen presentation in B lymphocytes
antigen presentation in b lymphocytes
Allergies and tumour progression are liked to which type of Th cytokine?
Th2
Which enzyme is involved in caspase activation to cause apoptosis
granzyme B
Organ specific autoimmune disorders can be linked to which Th cytokine?
Th1
Which type of T cell mainly expresses CD16?
natural killer cell
Which type of T cell ensures self tolerance by CD25+ activation
regulatory T cell
Which CD combinations are found on early T cells?
CD4-CD8-
What does the ‘H’ in MHC stand for?
histocompatability
What does the ‘A’ in HLA stand for?
antigen
If T cells interactive with MCH class II, which types are they?
helper T cells
Which T cell is found in the highest percentage in the blood, lymph nodes and spleen?
helper T cell
Which type of antigen is presented as a class I MHC?
endogenous antigen
Exogenous antigens such as bacterium are presented as
MC class II
What is the name of molecules found on APCs which function with antigens to activate T cells
costimulators
If T cells interactive with MCH class I, which type are they?
cytotoxic T cells
which is the shortest phase of the cell cycle
M
cyclins are only active when they are bound to cyclin dependant kinases. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
is retinoblastoma a tumour suppressor
true
do protein kinases phosphorylate or dephosphorylate proteins
phosphorylate them - which leads to their activation
what is a key feature of cyclins
they’re cyclical
what is the role of p35
to stop the cell at G1S and G2M phases for spindle repair to take place
what molecule does retinoblastoma release that allows cells to transition into G1/S
E2F
What is p35 known as
the guardian of the genome
which cyclin allows the cell to enter mitosis when activated
cyclin B
what is CREB activated by
phosphorylation by protein kinase A in the cytoplasm
what molecule is activated in G-protein receptor signalling
adenylyl cyclase
what is protein kinase A activated by
binding of cAMP to its regulatory subunits
Which of the following are examples of second messengers?
1 - cAMP
2 - cGMP
3 - Ca2+
4 - Phospholipids
5 - all of the above
all of the above
what are G proteins
molecular switches that use GDP to control their signalling cycle
what is paracrine signalling
signal is sent from a nearby cell to induce a change
The GTP on the G protein that is linked to adenylyl cyclase is split to GDP and Pi….
1 - in the inactive state
2 - in the process of subunit separation
3 - upon activation by the receptor
4 - by the active alpha subunit
by the active alpha sub unit
what is the effect of acetylcholine on heart muscles
decreases the rate of beating
during the phagocyte practical what was carmine red used for
to dye the sample to view the change in
during the phagocyte practical what was glutaraldehyde used for
to fix the sample
during the phagocyte practical what was ethanol used for
as a negative control
during the phagocyte practical what did the change in red vesical number show us
the measurement of phagocytosis occurring
during the phagocyte practical what was the change in black vesical a measurement of
egestion
In the Tetrahymena lab, which cellular structure does Colchicine inhibit the formation of?
microtubules
which type of cell junction is involved in neurulation
adherens
Which stage in serial endosymbiosis involves a prokaryotic cell being engulfed by a eukaryote?
primary endosymbiosis
If T cells interactive with MCH class I, which of the below cell types are they?
cytotoxic T cells
which organelle is affected by Parkinson’s disease
mitochondria
what is the normal role of an organelle which if defective may cause EBS
structural support
is an inverted microscope used o view cell cultures
YES
what is pRB and what’s its role
its a tumour suppressor and it inhibits the growth of tumours by inhibiting cell division
which organelle packages proteins
golgi
Which of the below monoclonal antibody mechanisms result in phagocytosis ?
ADCP
What is the name of molecules found on APCs which function with antigens to activate T cells
co-stimulators
Are Lipid bilayers are typically asymmetrical
no
Which phase of the cell cycle is the most metabolically active?
G1
Which statement is NOT true about microtubules
1 - They help organise cells during division
2 - They are important for cilia
3 - They polymerise and depolymerise constantly
4 - They strengthen cell junctions
they don’t strengthen cell junctions
In G-protein coupled receptor signalling, what are RGS?
regulators
what is the role of acetylcholine in the heart
decreases the rate of beating
what is p53
the guardian of the genome
