red blood cells and anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

what hormone regulates erythropoiesis

A

erythropoietin (Epo)

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2
Q

where is the hormone erythropoietin found

A

90% in the kidney

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3
Q

where does red blood cell production start

A

in red bone marrow from stem cells, creating bursting forming units then colony forming units

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4
Q

what do red cells differentiate into when they eject their nuclei

A

reticulocytes

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5
Q

once differentiated what do reticulocytes digest

A

their organelles (Golgi)

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6
Q

what does a high reticulocyte count indicate

A

a high rate of new red blood cells are present (can occur after blood loss)

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7
Q

what is the transport molecule for iron in haemoglobin

A

transferrin

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8
Q

what is the advantages and disadvantages of red blood cells having an uncomplicated cell membrane

A

A - simple passage of oxygen
D - fragile so damage easily

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9
Q

what is the advantages and disadvantages of red blood cells having a lack of a nucleus and most cellular enzymes and organelles

A

A - flexibility to penetrate fine capillaries
D - cant make protective enzymes

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10
Q

what is the advantages and disadvantages of red blood cells having membranes that carry antigens

A

A - certain phenotypes confer resistance to malaria
D - incompatibility can trigger serious transfusion reactions

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11
Q

what is ferritin

A

an intracellular protein that stores iron.

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12
Q

what are some of the main symptoms of anaemia

A

dizziness, low BP, shortness of breath

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13
Q

main repercussions of anaemia

A

tiredness, (in children) decreased IQ, (in pregnancy) failure to breast feed
cardiovascular risk (myocardial infarction)

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14
Q

what are some of the main reasons for differences in symptom presentation

A
  • Speed of onset (rapidly progressive produces more symptoms than slow )
  • severity (mild doesn’t produce as many symptoms)
    Age - (elderly more effected)
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15
Q

what factors make the oxygen disassociation curve to move to the right

A

physiological states where tissues require more oxygen such as during excersise

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16
Q

what does the oxygen disassociation curve moving to the right mean for the unloading of oxygen at target tissues

A
  • makes it more difficult to bind to oxygen but makes it easier to unload to the tissues that require it
17
Q

is foetal haemoglobin to the left or to the right of adult haemoglobin

A

to the left as it needs a to easily take up oxygen from adult haemoglobin

18
Q

what is Haematocrit (HCT) a measurement of

A

the proportion of whole blood that is taken up by red blood cells

19
Q

how is HCT calculated

A

(MCV x RBCC)/1000

20
Q

what is Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH) a count of

A

the average Hb per red cell but does not consider its size.

21
Q

how is MCH calculated

22
Q

what is Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) a measurement of

A

the average Hb per cell
taking into account MCV.

23
Q

how is MCHC calculated

A

[Hb/(MCV x RBCC)] x 100

24
Q

what can red blood cell distribution width indicate

A

can indicate a dual population of red
cells e.g. post transfusion, post treatment.

25
what is 1/2 classification of anaemia (and what are the main types within it )
size based microcytic - small red blood cells macrocytic - large red blood cells normocytic - normal red blood cells
26
what is 2/2 classification of anaemia (and what are the main types within it )
variation based on colour normochromic - normally stained red blood cells hypochromic - less stained red blood cells hyperchromic - more densely stained red blood cells
27
what does the biochemical test CRP (C reactive protein) indicate
gives indication to the level of inflammation so helps interpret ferritin levels
28
what are the 3 main biochemical tests for anaemia
-serum ferritin - C reactive protein - soluble transferrin receptors
29
why can drinking caffeine when eating cause anaemia
less iron is absorbed into the body
30
what are some treatments of hypochromic anaemia
correct diet, iron tablets
31
what is ferinject given for
rapid correction of iron levels before surgery
32
what happens if there is a lack of folate in the body
causes a lack of divisions in cells causing larger cells but fewer of them
33
what is the treatment for folate deficiency
correction of the diet
34
what is the treatment for pernicious anaemia
- either diet related correction - or injections of hydroxocobalamin every 3 months
35
what are Haemoglobinopathies
are genetic (inherited) disorders of haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein of the red blood cells.
36
what are the 2 types of thalassaemia
alpha and beta
37
what are the treatment methods for beta thalassaemia
blood transfusions iron chelation prevention - antenatal haemoglobinopathy screening & counselling
38
what is the three stage response to a haemorrhage
1 - hypovolemia and cardiovascular compensation 2 - transcapillary fluid redistribution and isovolemic anaemia 3 - renal fluid/ electrolyte conservation and haemopoiesis
39