biodiversity, cell specialisation and evolution

Question 1

what are the 4 types of eukaryotes

Answer 1

animals, plants, fungi, protists

Question 2

what are the 2 types of prokaryote

Answer 2

bacteria and archaea

Question 3

what are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 3

P - smaller
E - larger
P - no nucleus, free floating DNA
E - membrane bound nucleus
P - high replication

Question 4

what does biodiversity mean

Answer 4

the variety of life and how diverse it is

Question 5

define a species

Answer 5

a group of related organisms capable of interbreeding to produce viable offspring

Question 6

define population

Answer 6

a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area

Question 7

define community

Answer 7

all individual organisms belonging to all of the species which live in a particular geographic area

Question 8

define community

Answer 8

all of the abiotic factors and the entire community of species which co-exist in a certain area

Question 9

what are extremophiles

Answer 9

microorganisms living in extreme conditions such as extreme heat. And cannot live without these extremes

Question 10

bacteria are ubiquitous. What does this mean?

Answer 10

they’re found everywhere

Question 11

what is the temperature range for psychrophiles

Answer 11

optimum = 0
max = 15

Question 12

what is the temperature range of psychrotrophs

Answer 12

20-40

Question 13

what is the temperature range of mesophiles

Answer 13

37-40 (within the body)

Question 14

what is the temperature range for thermophiles

Answer 14

60-80

Question 15

what’s an example of a psychrophile

Answer 15

polarmonas vacuolata

Question 16

what’s an example of a mesophile

Answer 16

eschericha coli

Question 17

what’s an example of a thermophile

Answer 17

baclius stearothermophilius

Question 18

what is the pH range for acidophiles

Answer 18

below 7 (acidic)
optimum 3

Question 19

what is the pH range for neutrophiles

Answer 19

optimum is 7
around 6-9

Question 20

what is the pH range for alkaliphiles

Answer 20

above 7
optimum 9.5

Question 21

what are the conditions needed for a halophile

Answer 21

needs NaCl to grow

Question 22

what are the conditions needed for a halotolerant

Answer 22

optimum is no NaCl but can grow a little in its presence

Question 23

what is the optimum salt concentration for a mild halophile

Answer 23

1-6% NaCl

Question 24

what is the optimum salt concentration for a moderate halophile

Answer 24

6-15% NaCl

Question 25

what is the optimum salt concentration for a extreme halophile

Answer 25

15-30% NaCl

Question 26

what are the oxygen requirements for obligate aerobes

Answer 26

needs oxygen for growth

Question 27

what are the oxygen requirements for facultative anaerobes

Answer 27

can switch between requiring and not requiring oxygen. Uses anaerobic respiration

Question 28

what are the oxygen requirements for microaerophiles

Answer 28

require specific reduced levels of oxygen

Question 29

what are the oxygen requirements for aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 29

oxygen sensitive, grow equally well with or without oxygen. Uses fermentation metabolism

Question 30

what are the oxygen requirements for obligate anaerobes

Answer 30

oxygen is toxic, doesn't need oxygen to grow

Question 31

what is bacterial redundancy

Answer 31

where multiple bacteria can perform the same role in the same environment

Question 32

how can redundancy be helpful to other organisms

Answer 32

helpful in our microbiome, if we have more than one commensal organism, so if one is reduced it can take up its role so no harm is done

Question 33

how can redundancy be bad for the environment

Answer 33

it can lead to one of the bacteria's no longer being needed leaving a gap in the ecosystem, possibly causing further divergence due to selection pressures caused by the change

Question 34

what is a microbiome

Answer 34

all of the genetic material of all the microorganisms in one specific environment or location at one time

Question 35

what do the microbes in the oral cavity do

Answer 35

they aim to avoid build up and flush potential pathogens

Question 36

what is dysbiosis

Answer 36

a diversion from the normal such as a change in the amount of a specific bacteria in a microbiome

Question 37

what is the role of the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 37

break down digested products - bacteria must be able to survive in highly acidic conditions - its impacted by diet and lifestyle

Question 38

what does dysbiosis of the GI tract cause

Answer 38

inflammation, toxicity and disease

Question 39

what is the role of the microbiome in the skin

Answer 39

its a defence mechanism and triggers an immune response - constantly varied across different surfaces and time

Question 40

what does the dysbiosis of the skin microbiome lead to

Answer 40

psoriasis, dermatitis, and eczema

Question 41

what is the role of the microbiome in the reproductive tract

Answer 41

role in maintaining acidic pH

Question 42

what does dysbiosis of the reproductive tracts microbiome cause

Answer 42

pelvic inflammatory disorder, endometriosis, toxic shock syndrome and infertility

Question 43

what elements of diversity do muscle cells contain in comparison to other cells

Answer 43

increased frequency of mitochondria for energy - high endoplasmic reticulum for greater protein synthesis

Question 44

what is keratinisation

Question 45

what is serial endosymbiosis

Answer 45

cells integrate into prokaryotes by engulfment and retain functional capacity