biodiversity, cell specialisation and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of eukaryotes

A

animals, plants, fungi, protists

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of prokaryote

A

bacteria and archaea

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3
Q

what are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

P - smaller
E - larger
P - no nucleus, free floating DNA
E - membrane bound nucleus
P - high replication

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4
Q

what does biodiversity mean

A

the variety of life and how diverse it is

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5
Q

define a species

A

a group of related organisms capable of interbreeding to produce viable offspring

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6
Q

define population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area

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7
Q

define community

A

all individual organisms belonging to all of the species which live in a particular geographic area

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8
Q

define community

A

all of the abiotic factors and the entire community of species which co-exist in a certain area

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9
Q

what are extremophiles

A

microorganisms living in extreme conditions such as extreme heat. And cannot live without these extremes

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10
Q

bacteria are ubiquitous. What does this mean?

A

they’re found everywhere

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11
Q

what is the temperature range for psychrophiles

A

optimum = 0
max = 15

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12
Q

what is the temperature range of psychrotrophs

A

20-40

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13
Q

what is the temperature range of mesophiles

A

37-40 (within the body)

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14
Q

what is the temperature range for thermophiles

A

60-80

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15
Q

what’s an example of a psychrophile

A

polarmonas vacuolata

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16
Q

what’s an example of a mesophile

A

eschericha coli

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17
Q

what’s an example of a thermophile

A

baclius stearothermophilius

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18
Q

what is the pH range for acidophiles

A

below 7 (acidic)
optimum 3

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19
Q

what is the pH range for neutrophiles

A

optimum is 7
around 6-9

20
Q

what is the pH range for alkaliphiles

A

above 7
optimum 9.5

21
Q

what are the conditions needed for a halophile

A

needs NaCl to grow

22
Q

what are the conditions needed for a halotolerant

A

optimum is no NaCl but can grow a little in its presence

23
Q

what is the optimum salt concentration for a mild halophile

A

1-6% NaCl

24
Q

what is the optimum salt concentration for a moderate halophile

A

6-15% NaCl

25
Q

what is the optimum salt concentration for a extreme halophile

A

15-30% NaCl

26
Q

what are the oxygen requirements for obligate aerobes

A

needs oxygen for growth

27
Q

what are the oxygen requirements for facultative anaerobes

A

can switch between requiring and not requiring oxygen. Uses anaerobic respiration

28
Q

what are the oxygen requirements for microaerophiles

A

require specific reduced levels of oxygen

29
Q

what are the oxygen requirements for aerotolerant anaerobes

A

oxygen sensitive, grow equally well with or without oxygen. Uses fermentation metabolism

30
Q

what are the oxygen requirements for obligate anaerobes

A

oxygen is toxic, doesn’t need oxygen to grow

31
Q

what is bacterial redundancy

A

where multiple bacteria can perform the same role in the same environment

32
Q

how can redundancy be helpful to other organisms

A

helpful in our microbiome, if we have more than one commensal organism, so if one is reduced it can take up its role so no harm is done

33
Q

how can redundancy be bad for the environment

A

it can lead to one of the bacteria’s no longer being needed leaving a gap in the ecosystem, possibly causing further divergence due to selection pressures caused by the change

34
Q

what is a microbiome

A

all of the genetic material of all the microorganisms in one specific environment or location at one time

35
Q

what do the microbes in the oral cavity do

A

they aim to avoid build up and flush potential pathogens

36
Q

what is dysbiosis

A

a diversion from the normal
such as a change in the amount of a specific bacteria in a microbiome

37
Q

what is the role of the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract

A

break down digested products
- bacteria must be able to survive in highly acidic conditions
- its impacted by diet and lifestyle

38
Q

what does dysbiosis of the GI tract cause

A

inflammation, toxicity and disease

39
Q

what is the role of the microbiome in the skin

A

its a defence mechanism and triggers an immune response
- constantly varied across different surfaces and time

40
Q

what does the dysbiosis of the skin microbiome lead to

A

psoriasis, dermatitis, and eczema

41
Q

what is the role of the microbiome in the reproductive tract

A

role in maintaining acidic pH

42
Q

what does dysbiosis of the reproductive tracts microbiome cause

A

pelvic inflammatory disorder, endometriosis, toxic shock syndrome and infertility

43
Q

what elements of diversity do muscle cells contain in comparison to other cells

A

increased frequency of mitochondria for energy
- high endoplasmic reticulum for greater protein synthesis

44
Q

what is keratinisation

A
45
Q

what is serial endosymbiosis

A

cells integrate into prokaryotes by engulfment and retain functional capacity

46
Q
A