immunisation

Question 1

what is immunisation

Answer 1

the prevention of human disease by active or passive immunity

Question 2

what is passive immunity

Answer 2

protection via the transfer of immune cells, generated from the active immunization of another individual

Question 3

what is adoptive transfer

Answer 3

when an individual receives antibodies or lymphocytes from another individual that is immune to that antigen

Question 4

what is an example of passive immunity

Answer 4

antibody injection, maternal antibodies

Question 5

what are 2 types of natural passive immunisation

Answer 5

IgG antibodies via placenta transfer and IgA antibodies via colostrum and breast milk

Question 6

what are some types of artificial passive immunisation

Answer 6

Intramuscular transfer
human or animal, antibody insertion

Question 7

what type of immunity is used to treat immunodeficiencies

Answer 7

artificial passive immunity

Question 8

which immunoglobin is the neonates(infant) main defence against infection

Answer 8

IgG which are transferred from the placenta

Question 9

why do levels of IgG decrease significantly after birth

Answer 9

the infant has begun to produce their own antibodies so no longer need maternal antibodies

Question 10

what types of cells decrease in frequency during pregnancy

Answer 10

Th1 response
phagocytosis
B cells
T cells
NK cells

Question 11

what types of cells increase in frequency during pregnancy

Answer 11

Th2 respose
complement proteins
neutrophils
B regs (to a point)
T regs (to a point)

Question 12

what cells are frequently consistent during pregnancy

Answer 12

Eosinophils
Basophils
CD4 and CD8
some NK’s

Question 13

what is active immunity

Answer 13

a type of immunity that follows from an exposure to a foreign antigen

Question 14

what is a type of active immunity

Answer 14

vaccinations

Question 15

what are the 4 steps in active immunity

Answer 15

infection imitation - immune response - antibody production - immunological memory

Question 16

what is herd immunity

Question 16

what is the primary immune response

Answer 16

initial reaction to infection , is slow acting, mainly phagocytosis

Question 17

what is the secondary immune response

Answer 17

second response to infection of the same pathogen, memory cells are used to recognise the cell quickly to rapidly produce the antibodies needed to kill the pathogen

Question 18

some vaccines work in different ways to destroy the pathogen, such as

Answer 18

Attenuation (results in a premature termination of transcription - due to stop signalling)
killing
use of subunit/ compartment
RNA/DNA

Question 19

what are the 3 strains of the influenza vaccine

Answer 19

dead, flu, vaccine

Question 20

live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) overview

Answer 20

squirted into the nose
not given to below 2y or over 49y
as they are at high risk of complications from flu

Question 21

what are the main differences between active and passive immunity

Answer 21

A - induced by vaccines, infection or immunoglobulins
P - induced by immunoglobulins
A - slow response
P - rapid response
A - long lived and durable
P - short lived and non-durable
A - generated immunological memory
P - no immunological memory