immunisation Flashcards
what is immunisation
the prevention of human disease by active or passive immunity
what is passive immunity
protection via the transfer of immune cells, generated from the active immunization of another individual
what is adoptive transfer
when an individual receives antibodies or lymphocytes from another individual that is immune to that antigen
what is an example of passive immunity
antibody injection, maternal antibodies
what are 2 types of natural passive immunisation
IgG antibodies via placenta transfer and IgA antibodies via colostrum and breast milk
what are some types of artificial passive immunisation
Intramuscular transfer
human or animal, antibody insertion
what type of immunity is used to treat immunodeficiencies
artificial passive immunity
which immunoglobin is the neonates(infant) main defence against infection
IgG which are transferred from the placenta
why do levels of IgG decrease significantly after birth
the infant has begun to produce their own antibodies so no longer need maternal antibodies
what types of cells decrease in frequency during pregnancy
Th1 response
phagocytosis
B cells
T cells
NK cells
what types of cells increase in frequency during pregnancy
Th2 respose
complement proteins
neutrophils
B regs (to a point)
T regs (to a point)
what cells are frequently consistent during pregnancy
Eosinophils
Basophils
CD4 and CD8
some NK’s
what is active immunity
a type of immunity that follows from an exposure to a foreign antigen
what is a type of active immunity
vaccinations
what are the 4 steps in active immunity
infection imitation - immune response - antibody production - immunological memory
what is herd immunity
what is the primary immune response
initial reaction to infection , is slow acting, mainly phagocytosis
what is the secondary immune response
second response to infection of the same pathogen, memory cells are used to recognise the cell quickly to rapidly produce the antibodies needed to kill the pathogen
some vaccines work in different ways to destroy the pathogen, such as
Attenuation (results in a premature termination of transcription - due to stop signalling)
killing
use of subunit/ compartment
RNA/DNA
what are the 3 strains of the influenza vaccine
dead, flu, vaccine
live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) overview
squirted into the nose
not given to below 2y or over 49y
as they are at high risk of complications from flu
what are the main differences between active and passive immunity
A - induced by vaccines, infection or immunoglobulins
P - induced by immunoglobulins
A - slow response
P - rapid response
A - long lived and durable
P - short lived and non-durable
A - generated immunological memory
P - no immunological memory
