Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHI > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the benefits of organisms being multi cellular

A

longer lifespan, better adaptation, fewer predators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what 2 components is cytoplasm composed of?

A

cytosol and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is cytosol and what is it the site for?

A

intercellular fluid that contains dissolved ions, glucose, amino acids, ATP, lipids and water.
And its the site for enzyme reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

dynamic structure which is constantly reorganised as the cell changes shape (e.g. during the segregation of chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the cytoskeleton responsible for

A

large scale movements, such as contraction of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 4 stages of the movement of actin

A

protrusion, adhesion, deadhesion, movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are intermediate filaments specialised for

A

bearing tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are microtubules constructed of

A

globular proteins, tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton

A

actin monomer, intermediate filament, microtubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why do actin monomers cover the outer layers of the cytoskeleton

A

as they’re highly responsible for movements and contractions of muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what disorders are associated with cytoskeleton defects

A

skin conditions, neuropathies (alzheimers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does less cilia cause people to become more susceptible to?

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the structures of the nucleus

A

nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear membrane, nuclear pore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs and tubules extending from the nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the rough ER the site for

A

protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the smooth ER the site for

A

synthesis of fatty acids and steroids - in the liver it helps release glucose from glucose - 6 - phosphate and detoxify drugs such as alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do ribosomes consist of

A

A large subunit made of 60S eukaryotes and small subunit 40S eukaryotes - each is rich in ribosomal RNA and contains over 50 protiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 3 areas of the Golgi and where are they located?

A

Cis- faces the ER, Medial- between the cis and trans, Trans - faces the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the 3 different types of endosomes

A

early, late, recycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are endosomes

A

a collection of intracellular sorting organelles in eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the function of endosomes

A

sorting proteins to their final location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is mitochondria the site of

A

aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is autophagy

A

the digestion of substances entering the cell or worn out cells

23
Q

what is autophagy required for

A

renewal and control of growth & tissue remodelling

23
Q

what is Tay-Sachs disease

A

an inherited condition that affects children, caused by the absence of lysosomal enzyme Hex A - causes seizures and blindness

24
Q

what is a peroxisome

A

derived from the ER, contains oxidases and are involved in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism

25
Q

what disorder is linked to dysfunctional mitochondria

A

Parkinson’s

26
Q

how does cholesterol help the membrane maintain fluidity

A

reduces fluidity at modern temperature, reduces solidification at low temperatures

26
Q

why is transport across membranes important

A

to regulate the concentrations from outside o the inside of the cell

26
Q

which area of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic

A

the head is hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic

26
Q

can lipid bilayers be asymetrical

A

yes

26
Q

what helps maintain membrane fluidity

A

cholesterol

27
Q

why does the body need a fluid membrane

A

to allow movement,

27
Q

what is passive transport

A

molecules moving down a concentration gradient, doesn’t require energy

27
Q

what molecules move via facilitated diffusion

A

large uncharged molecules, ions

27
Q

what does the level of symmetry between the lipid bilayers say about the health of a cell

A

the more symmetrical the unhealthier/dying a cell is

27
Q

what molecules can move via simple diffusion

A

hydrophobic and small, uncharged molecules

28
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of water down a water potential gradient through a partially permeable membrane through aquaporins in the lipid bilayer

28
Q

what are the cell shapes that change with the concentration of water

A

hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic

28
Q

what is active transport

A

movement against a concentration gradient, requires energy

29
Q

what are the two types of passive transport

A

diffusion and facilitated diffusion

30
Q

what does it mean when a cell is hypertonic

A

the cells have shrivelled due to water leaving the cell

31
Q

what does it mean when a cell is isotonic

A

when the water level is balanced outside and inside the cell, so shape remains the same

31
Q

what does it mean when a cell is hypotonic

A

when cells lyse/ burst as too much water enters the cell

32
Q

what 2 types of proteins are used in facilitated diffusion

A

carrier and channel

33
Q

what molecules do channel proteins transport

A

small and highly selective molecules

34
Q

what molecules do carrier proteins transport

A

large and highly selective molecules

35
Q

what are the 3 types of gated ion channels

A

volage gated, ligand gated, mechanically gated

36
Q

what are the 2 main types of membrane proteins

A

integral and peripheral

37
Q

what are the 3 types of integral proteins and what are their uses

A

a-helix (receptors), helical bundle (enzymes and transporters) and b-barrel (channel proteins)

38
Q

what are the 3 types of facilitated diffusion carriers

A

uniport, symport and antiport

39
Q

the glucose transporter (GLUT) is an example of what type of diffusion

A

facilitated diffusion

40
Q

what is cystic fibrosis caused by

A

defective chloride ion transport causing a build up in sodium inside the cells causing an increase in osmosis

41
Q

what are first 1-3 stages of the insulin dependant glucose uptake system

A

1- insulin binds to an insulin receptor
2- phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate1 (IRS-1)
3 - IRS-1 activates PI 3-kinase

42
Q

what are he stages 4-6 in the insulin dependant glucose uptake system after PI 3-kinase has been activated

A

4- activated PI 3-kinase activates GLUT4
5 - GLUT4 facilitates uptake of glucose into the cell
6 - glucose is converted to energy in the mitochondria

43
Q

what is primary active transport

A

the moving of ions by the hydrolysis of ATP

44
Q
A

CHI (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions